import Foundation
import Combine
import WebKit
import AppKit
import Bonsplit

enum GhosttyBackgroundTheme {
    static func clampedOpacity(_ opacity: Double) -> CGFloat {
        CGFloat(max(0.0, min(1.0, opacity)))
    }

    static func color(backgroundColor: NSColor, opacity: Double) -> NSColor {
        backgroundColor.withAlphaComponent(clampedOpacity(opacity))
    }

    static func color(
        from notification: Notification?,
        fallbackColor: NSColor,
        fallbackOpacity: Double
    ) -> NSColor {
        let userInfo = notification?.userInfo
        let backgroundColor =
            (userInfo?[GhosttyNotificationKey.backgroundColor] as? NSColor)
            ?? fallbackColor

        let opacity: Double
        if let value = userInfo?[GhosttyNotificationKey.backgroundOpacity] as? Double {
            opacity = value
        } else if let value = userInfo?[GhosttyNotificationKey.backgroundOpacity] as? NSNumber {
            opacity = value.doubleValue
        } else {
            opacity = fallbackOpacity
        }

        return color(backgroundColor: backgroundColor, opacity: opacity)
    }

    static func color(from notification: Notification?) -> NSColor {
        color(
            from: notification,
            fallbackColor: GhosttyApp.shared.defaultBackgroundColor,
            fallbackOpacity: GhosttyApp.shared.defaultBackgroundOpacity
        )
    }

    static func currentColor() -> NSColor {
        color(
            backgroundColor: GhosttyApp.shared.defaultBackgroundColor,
            opacity: GhosttyApp.shared.defaultBackgroundOpacity
        )
    }
}

enum BrowserSearchEngine: String, CaseIterable, Identifiable {
    case google
    case duckduckgo
    case bing
    case kagi

    var id: String { rawValue }

    var displayName: String {
        switch self {
        case .google: return "Google"
        case .duckduckgo: return "DuckDuckGo"
        case .bing: return "Bing"
        case .kagi: return "Kagi"
        }
    }

    func searchURL(query: String) -> URL? {
        let trimmed = query.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
        guard !trimmed.isEmpty else { return nil }

        var components: URLComponents?
        switch self {
        case .google:
            components = URLComponents(string: "https://www.google.com/search")
        case .duckduckgo:
            components = URLComponents(string: "https://duckduckgo.com/")
        case .bing:
            components = URLComponents(string: "https://www.bing.com/search")
        case .kagi:
            components = URLComponents(string: "https://kagi.com/search")
        }

        components?.queryItems = [
            URLQueryItem(name: "q", value: trimmed),
        ]
        return components?.url
    }
}

enum BrowserSearchSettings {
    static let searchEngineKey = "browserSearchEngine"
    static let searchSuggestionsEnabledKey = "browserSearchSuggestionsEnabled"
    static let defaultSearchEngine: BrowserSearchEngine = .google
    static let defaultSearchSuggestionsEnabled: Bool = true

    static func currentSearchEngine(defaults: UserDefaults = .standard) -> BrowserSearchEngine {
        guard let raw = defaults.string(forKey: searchEngineKey),
              let engine = BrowserSearchEngine(rawValue: raw) else {
            return defaultSearchEngine
        }
        return engine
    }

    static func currentSearchSuggestionsEnabled(defaults: UserDefaults = .standard) -> Bool {
        // Mirror @AppStorage behavior: bool(forKey:) returns false if key doesn't exist.
        // Default to enabled unless user explicitly set a value.
        if defaults.object(forKey: searchSuggestionsEnabledKey) == nil {
            return defaultSearchSuggestionsEnabled
        }
        return defaults.bool(forKey: searchSuggestionsEnabledKey)
    }
}

enum BrowserThemeMode: String, CaseIterable, Identifiable {
    case system
    case light
    case dark

    var id: String { rawValue }

    var displayName: String {
        switch self {
        case .system:
            return String(localized: "theme.system", defaultValue: "System")
        case .light:
            return String(localized: "theme.light", defaultValue: "Light")
        case .dark:
            return String(localized: "theme.dark", defaultValue: "Dark")
        }
    }

    var iconName: String {
        switch self {
        case .system:
            return "circle.lefthalf.filled"
        case .light:
            return "sun.max"
        case .dark:
            return "moon"
        }
    }
}

enum BrowserThemeSettings {
    static let modeKey = "browserThemeMode"
    static let legacyForcedDarkModeEnabledKey = "browserForcedDarkModeEnabled"
    static let defaultMode: BrowserThemeMode = .system

    static func mode(for rawValue: String?) -> BrowserThemeMode {
        guard let rawValue, let mode = BrowserThemeMode(rawValue: rawValue) else {
            return defaultMode
        }
        return mode
    }

    static func mode(defaults: UserDefaults = .standard) -> BrowserThemeMode {
        let resolvedMode = mode(for: defaults.string(forKey: modeKey))
        if defaults.string(forKey: modeKey) != nil {
            return resolvedMode
        }

        // Migrate the legacy bool toggle only when the new mode key is unset.
        if defaults.object(forKey: legacyForcedDarkModeEnabledKey) != nil {
            let migratedMode: BrowserThemeMode = defaults.bool(forKey: legacyForcedDarkModeEnabledKey) ? .dark : .system
            defaults.set(migratedMode.rawValue, forKey: modeKey)
            return migratedMode
        }

        return defaultMode
    }
}

enum BrowserLinkOpenSettings {
    static let openTerminalLinksInCmuxBrowserKey = "browserOpenTerminalLinksInCmuxBrowser"
    static let defaultOpenTerminalLinksInCmuxBrowser: Bool = true

    static let openSidebarPullRequestLinksInCmuxBrowserKey = "browserOpenSidebarPullRequestLinksInCmuxBrowser"
    static let defaultOpenSidebarPullRequestLinksInCmuxBrowser: Bool = true

    static let interceptTerminalOpenCommandInCmuxBrowserKey = "browserInterceptTerminalOpenCommandInCmuxBrowser"
    static let defaultInterceptTerminalOpenCommandInCmuxBrowser: Bool = true

    static let browserHostWhitelistKey = "browserHostWhitelist"
    static let defaultBrowserHostWhitelist: String = ""
    static let browserExternalOpenPatternsKey = "browserExternalOpenPatterns"
    static let defaultBrowserExternalOpenPatterns: String = ""

    static func openTerminalLinksInCmuxBrowser(defaults: UserDefaults = .standard) -> Bool {
        if defaults.object(forKey: openTerminalLinksInCmuxBrowserKey) == nil {
            return defaultOpenTerminalLinksInCmuxBrowser
        }
        return defaults.bool(forKey: openTerminalLinksInCmuxBrowserKey)
    }

    static func openSidebarPullRequestLinksInCmuxBrowser(defaults: UserDefaults = .standard) -> Bool {
        if defaults.object(forKey: openSidebarPullRequestLinksInCmuxBrowserKey) == nil {
            return defaultOpenSidebarPullRequestLinksInCmuxBrowser
        }
        return defaults.bool(forKey: openSidebarPullRequestLinksInCmuxBrowserKey)
    }

    static func interceptTerminalOpenCommandInCmuxBrowser(defaults: UserDefaults = .standard) -> Bool {
        if defaults.object(forKey: interceptTerminalOpenCommandInCmuxBrowserKey) != nil {
            return defaults.bool(forKey: interceptTerminalOpenCommandInCmuxBrowserKey)
        }

        // Migrate existing behavior for users who only had the link-click toggle.
        if defaults.object(forKey: openTerminalLinksInCmuxBrowserKey) != nil {
            return defaults.bool(forKey: openTerminalLinksInCmuxBrowserKey)
        }

        return defaultInterceptTerminalOpenCommandInCmuxBrowser
    }

    static func initialInterceptTerminalOpenCommandInCmuxBrowserValue(defaults: UserDefaults = .standard) -> Bool {
        interceptTerminalOpenCommandInCmuxBrowser(defaults: defaults)
    }

    static func hostWhitelist(defaults: UserDefaults = .standard) -> [String] {
        let raw = defaults.string(forKey: browserHostWhitelistKey) ?? defaultBrowserHostWhitelist
        return raw
            .components(separatedBy: .newlines)
            .map { $0.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespaces) }
            .filter { !$0.isEmpty }
    }

    static func externalOpenPatterns(defaults: UserDefaults = .standard) -> [String] {
        let raw = defaults.string(forKey: browserExternalOpenPatternsKey) ?? defaultBrowserExternalOpenPatterns
        return raw
            .components(separatedBy: .newlines)
            .map { $0.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) }
            .filter { !$0.isEmpty && !$0.hasPrefix("#") }
    }

    static func shouldOpenExternally(_ url: URL, defaults: UserDefaults = .standard) -> Bool {
        shouldOpenExternally(url.absoluteString, defaults: defaults)
    }

    static func shouldOpenExternally(_ rawURL: String, defaults: UserDefaults = .standard) -> Bool {
        let target = rawURL.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
        guard !target.isEmpty else { return false }

        for rawPattern in externalOpenPatterns(defaults: defaults) {
            guard let (isRegex, value) = parseExternalPattern(rawPattern) else { continue }
            if isRegex {
                guard let regex = try? NSRegularExpression(pattern: value, options: [.caseInsensitive]) else { continue }
                let range = NSRange(target.startIndex..<target.endIndex, in: target)
                if regex.firstMatch(in: target, options: [], range: range) != nil {
                    return true
                }
            } else if target.range(of: value, options: [.caseInsensitive]) != nil {
                return true
            }
        }

        return false
    }

    /// Check whether a hostname matches the configured whitelist.
    /// Empty whitelist means "allow all" (no filtering).
    /// Supports exact match and wildcard prefix (`*.example.com`).
    static func hostMatchesWhitelist(_ host: String, defaults: UserDefaults = .standard) -> Bool {
        let rawPatterns = hostWhitelist(defaults: defaults)
        if rawPatterns.isEmpty { return true }
        guard let normalizedHost = BrowserInsecureHTTPSettings.normalizeHost(host) else { return false }
        for rawPattern in rawPatterns {
            guard let pattern = normalizeWhitelistPattern(rawPattern) else { continue }
            if hostMatchesPattern(normalizedHost, pattern: pattern) {
                return true
            }
        }
        return false
    }

    private static func normalizeWhitelistPattern(_ rawPattern: String) -> String? {
        let trimmed = rawPattern
            .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
            .lowercased()
        guard !trimmed.isEmpty else { return nil }

        if trimmed.hasPrefix("*.") {
            let suffixRaw = String(trimmed.dropFirst(2))
            guard let suffix = BrowserInsecureHTTPSettings.normalizeHost(suffixRaw) else { return nil }
            return "*.\(suffix)"
        }

        return BrowserInsecureHTTPSettings.normalizeHost(trimmed)
    }

    private static func hostMatchesPattern(_ host: String, pattern: String) -> Bool {
        if pattern.hasPrefix("*.") {
            let suffix = String(pattern.dropFirst(2))
            return host == suffix || host.hasSuffix(".\(suffix)")
        }
        return host == pattern
    }

    private static func parseExternalPattern(_ rawPattern: String) -> (isRegex: Bool, value: String)? {
        let trimmed = rawPattern.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
        guard !trimmed.isEmpty else { return nil }

        if trimmed.lowercased().hasPrefix("re:") {
            let regexPattern = String(trimmed.dropFirst(3)).trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
            guard !regexPattern.isEmpty else { return nil }
            return (isRegex: true, value: regexPattern)
        }

        return (isRegex: false, value: trimmed)
    }
}

enum BrowserInsecureHTTPSettings {
    static let allowlistKey = "browserInsecureHTTPAllowlist"
    static let defaultAllowlistPatterns = [
        "localhost",
        "127.0.0.1",
        "::1",
        "0.0.0.0",
        "*.localtest.me",
    ]
    static let defaultAllowlistText = defaultAllowlistPatterns.joined(separator: "\n")

    static func normalizedAllowlistPatterns(defaults: UserDefaults = .standard) -> [String] {
        normalizedAllowlistPatterns(rawValue: defaults.string(forKey: allowlistKey))
    }

    static func normalizedAllowlistPatterns(rawValue: String?) -> [String] {
        let source: String
        if let rawValue, !rawValue.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines).isEmpty {
            source = rawValue
        } else {
            source = defaultAllowlistText
        }
        let parsed = parsePatterns(from: source)
        return parsed.isEmpty ? defaultAllowlistPatterns : parsed
    }

    static func isHostAllowed(_ host: String, defaults: UserDefaults = .standard) -> Bool {
        isHostAllowed(host, rawAllowlist: defaults.string(forKey: allowlistKey))
    }

    static func isHostAllowed(_ host: String, rawAllowlist: String?) -> Bool {
        guard let normalizedHost = normalizeHost(host) else { return false }
        return normalizedAllowlistPatterns(rawValue: rawAllowlist).contains { pattern in
            hostMatchesPattern(normalizedHost, pattern: pattern)
        }
    }

    static func addAllowedHost(_ host: String, defaults: UserDefaults = .standard) {
        guard let normalizedHost = normalizeHost(host) else { return }
        var patterns = normalizedAllowlistPatterns(defaults: defaults)
        guard !patterns.contains(normalizedHost) else { return }
        patterns.append(normalizedHost)
        defaults.set(patterns.joined(separator: "\n"), forKey: allowlistKey)
    }

    static func normalizeHost(_ rawHost: String) -> String? {
        var value = rawHost
            .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
            .lowercased()
        guard !value.isEmpty else { return nil }

        if let parsed = URL(string: value)?.host {
            return trimHost(parsed)
        }

        if let schemeRange = value.range(of: "://") {
            value = String(value[schemeRange.upperBound...])
        }

        if let slash = value.firstIndex(where: { $0 == "/" || $0 == "?" || $0 == "#" }) {
            value = String(value[..<slash])
        }

        if value.hasPrefix("[") {
            if let closing = value.firstIndex(of: "]") {
                value = String(value[value.index(after: value.startIndex)..<closing])
            } else {
                value.removeFirst()
            }
        } else if let colon = value.lastIndex(of: ":"),
                  value[value.index(after: colon)...].allSatisfy(\.isNumber),
                  value.filter({ $0 == ":" }).count == 1 {
            value = String(value[..<colon])
        }

        return trimHost(value)
    }

    private static func parsePatterns(from rawValue: String) -> [String] {
        let separators = CharacterSet(charactersIn: ",;\n\r\t")
        var out: [String] = []
        var seen = Set<String>()
        for token in rawValue.components(separatedBy: separators) {
            guard let normalized = normalizePattern(token) else { continue }
            guard seen.insert(normalized).inserted else { continue }
            out.append(normalized)
        }
        return out
    }

    private static func normalizePattern(_ rawPattern: String) -> String? {
        let trimmed = rawPattern
            .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
            .lowercased()
        guard !trimmed.isEmpty else { return nil }

        if trimmed.hasPrefix("*.") {
            let suffixRaw = String(trimmed.dropFirst(2))
            guard let suffix = normalizeHost(suffixRaw) else { return nil }
            return "*.\(suffix)"
        }

        return normalizeHost(trimmed)
    }

    private static func hostMatchesPattern(_ host: String, pattern: String) -> Bool {
        if pattern.hasPrefix("*.") {
            let suffix = String(pattern.dropFirst(2))
            return host == suffix || host.hasSuffix(".\(suffix)")
        }
        return host == pattern
    }

    private static func trimHost(_ raw: String) -> String? {
        let trimmed = raw.trimmingCharacters(in: CharacterSet(charactersIn: "."))
        guard !trimmed.isEmpty else { return nil }

        // Canonicalize IDN entries (e.g. bücher.example -> xn--bcher-kva.example)
        // so user-entered allowlist patterns compare against URL.host consistently.
        if let canonicalized = URL(string: "https://\(trimmed)")?.host {
            return canonicalized
        }

        return trimmed
    }
}

func browserShouldBlockInsecureHTTPURL(
    _ url: URL,
    defaults: UserDefaults = .standard
) -> Bool {
    browserShouldBlockInsecureHTTPURL(
        url,
        rawAllowlist: defaults.string(forKey: BrowserInsecureHTTPSettings.allowlistKey)
    )
}

func browserShouldBlockInsecureHTTPURL(
    _ url: URL,
    rawAllowlist: String?
) -> Bool {
    guard url.scheme?.lowercased() == "http" else { return false }
    guard let host = BrowserInsecureHTTPSettings.normalizeHost(url.host ?? "") else { return true }
    return !BrowserInsecureHTTPSettings.isHostAllowed(host, rawAllowlist: rawAllowlist)
}

func browserShouldConsumeOneTimeInsecureHTTPBypass(
    _ url: URL,
    bypassHostOnce: inout String?
) -> Bool {
    guard let bypassHost = bypassHostOnce else { return false }
    guard url.scheme?.lowercased() == "http",
          let host = BrowserInsecureHTTPSettings.normalizeHost(url.host ?? "") else {
        return false
    }
    guard host == bypassHost else { return false }
    bypassHostOnce = nil
    return true
}

func browserShouldPersistInsecureHTTPAllowlistSelection(
    response: NSApplication.ModalResponse,
    suppressionEnabled: Bool
) -> Bool {
    guard suppressionEnabled else { return false }
    return response == .alertFirstButtonReturn || response == .alertSecondButtonReturn
}

func browserPreparedNavigationRequest(_ request: URLRequest) -> URLRequest {
    var preparedRequest = request
    // Match browser behavior for ordinary loads while preserving method/body/headers.
    preparedRequest.cachePolicy = .useProtocolCachePolicy
    return preparedRequest
}

func browserReadAccessURL(forLocalFileURL fileURL: URL, fileManager: FileManager = .default) -> URL? {
    guard fileURL.isFileURL, fileURL.path.hasPrefix("/") else { return nil }
    let path = fileURL.path
    var isDirectory: ObjCBool = false
    if fileManager.fileExists(atPath: path, isDirectory: &isDirectory), isDirectory.boolValue {
        return fileURL
    }

    let parent = fileURL.deletingLastPathComponent()
    guard !parent.path.isEmpty, parent.path.hasPrefix("/") else { return nil }
    return parent
}

@discardableResult
func browserLoadRequest(_ request: URLRequest, in webView: WKWebView) -> WKNavigation? {
    guard let url = request.url else { return nil }
    if url.isFileURL {
        guard let readAccessURL = browserReadAccessURL(forLocalFileURL: url) else { return nil }
        return webView.loadFileURL(url, allowingReadAccessTo: readAccessURL)
    }
    return webView.load(browserPreparedNavigationRequest(request))
}

private let browserEmbeddedNavigationSchemes: Set<String> = [
    "about",
    "applewebdata",
    "blob",
    "data",
    "file",
    "http",
    "https",
    "javascript",
]

func browserShouldOpenURLExternally(_ url: URL) -> Bool {
    guard let scheme = url.scheme?.lowercased(), !scheme.isEmpty else { return false }
    return !browserEmbeddedNavigationSchemes.contains(scheme)
}

enum BrowserUserAgentSettings {
    // Force a Safari UA. Some WebKit builds return a minimal UA without Version/Safari tokens,
    // and some installs may have legacy Chrome UA overrides. Both can cause Google to serve
    // fallback/old UIs or trigger bot checks.
    static let safariUserAgent = "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/605.1.15 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/26.2 Safari/605.1.15"
}

func normalizedBrowserHistoryNamespace(bundleIdentifier: String) -> String {
    if bundleIdentifier.hasPrefix("com.cmuxterm.app.debug.") {
        return "com.cmuxterm.app.debug"
    }
    if bundleIdentifier.hasPrefix("com.cmuxterm.app.staging.") {
        return "com.cmuxterm.app.staging"
    }
    return bundleIdentifier
}

@MainActor
final class BrowserHistoryStore: ObservableObject {
    static let shared = BrowserHistoryStore()

    struct Entry: Codable, Identifiable, Hashable {
        let id: UUID
        var url: String
        var title: String?
        var lastVisited: Date
        var visitCount: Int
        var typedCount: Int
        var lastTypedAt: Date?

        private enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey {
            case id
            case url
            case title
            case lastVisited
            case visitCount
            case typedCount
            case lastTypedAt
        }

        init(
            id: UUID,
            url: String,
            title: String?,
            lastVisited: Date,
            visitCount: Int,
            typedCount: Int = 0,
            lastTypedAt: Date? = nil
        ) {
            self.id = id
            self.url = url
            self.title = title
            self.lastVisited = lastVisited
            self.visitCount = visitCount
            self.typedCount = typedCount
            self.lastTypedAt = lastTypedAt
        }

        init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
            let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
            id = try container.decode(UUID.self, forKey: .id)
            url = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .url)
            title = try container.decodeIfPresent(String.self, forKey: .title)
            lastVisited = try container.decode(Date.self, forKey: .lastVisited)
            visitCount = try container.decode(Int.self, forKey: .visitCount)
            typedCount = try container.decodeIfPresent(Int.self, forKey: .typedCount) ?? 0
            lastTypedAt = try container.decodeIfPresent(Date.self, forKey: .lastTypedAt)
        }
    }

    @Published private(set) var entries: [Entry] = []

    private let fileURL: URL?
    private var didLoad: Bool = false
    private var saveTask: Task<Void, Never>?
    private let maxEntries: Int = 5000
    private let saveDebounceNanoseconds: UInt64 = 120_000_000

    private struct SuggestionCandidate {
        let entry: Entry
        let urlLower: String
        let urlSansSchemeLower: String
        let hostLower: String
        let pathAndQueryLower: String
        let titleLower: String
    }

    private struct ScoredSuggestion {
        let entry: Entry
        let score: Double
    }

    init(fileURL: URL? = nil) {
        // Avoid calling @MainActor-isolated static methods from default argument context.
        self.fileURL = fileURL ?? BrowserHistoryStore.defaultHistoryFileURL()
    }

    func loadIfNeeded() {
        guard !didLoad else { return }
        didLoad = true
        guard let fileURL else { return }
        migrateLegacyTaggedHistoryFileIfNeeded(to: fileURL)

        // Load synchronously on first access so the first omnibar query can use
        // persisted history immediately (important for deterministic UI behavior).
        let data: Data
        do {
            data = try Data(contentsOf: fileURL)
        } catch {
            return
        }

        let decoded: [Entry]
        do {
            decoded = try JSONDecoder().decode([Entry].self, from: data)
        } catch {
            return
        }

        // Most-recent first.
        entries = decoded.sorted(by: { $0.lastVisited > $1.lastVisited })

        // Remove entries with invalid hosts (no TLD), e.g. "https://news."
        let beforeCount = entries.count
        entries.removeAll { entry in
            guard let url = URL(string: entry.url),
                  let host = url.host?.lowercased() else { return false }
            let trimmed = host.hasSuffix(".") ? String(host.dropLast()) : host
            return !trimmed.contains(".")
        }
        if entries.count != beforeCount {
            scheduleSave()
        }
    }

    func recordVisit(url: URL?, title: String?) {
        loadIfNeeded()

        guard let url else { return }
        guard let scheme = url.scheme?.lowercased(),
              scheme == "http" || scheme == "https" else { return }
        // Skip URLs whose host lacks a TLD (e.g. "https://news.").
        if let host = url.host?.lowercased() {
            let trimmed = host.hasSuffix(".") ? String(host.dropLast()) : host
            if !trimmed.contains(".") { return }
        }

        let urlString = url.absoluteString
        guard urlString != "about:blank" else { return }
        let normalizedKey = normalizedHistoryKey(url: url)

        if let idx = entries.firstIndex(where: {
            if $0.url == urlString { return true }
            return normalizedHistoryKey(urlString: $0.url) == normalizedKey
        }) {
            entries[idx].lastVisited = Date()
            entries[idx].visitCount += 1
            // Prefer non-empty titles, but don't clobber an existing title with empty/whitespace.
            if let title, !title.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines).isEmpty {
                entries[idx].title = title
            }
        } else {
            entries.insert(Entry(
                id: UUID(),
                url: urlString,
                title: title?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines),
                lastVisited: Date(),
                visitCount: 1
            ), at: 0)
        }

        // Keep most-recent first and bound size.
        entries.sort(by: { $0.lastVisited > $1.lastVisited })
        if entries.count > maxEntries {
            entries.removeLast(entries.count - maxEntries)
        }

        scheduleSave()
    }

    func recordTypedNavigation(url: URL?) {
        loadIfNeeded()

        guard let url else { return }
        guard let scheme = url.scheme?.lowercased(),
              scheme == "http" || scheme == "https" else { return }
        // Skip URLs whose host lacks a TLD (e.g. "https://news.").
        if let host = url.host?.lowercased() {
            let trimmed = host.hasSuffix(".") ? String(host.dropLast()) : host
            if !trimmed.contains(".") { return }
        }

        let urlString = url.absoluteString
        guard urlString != "about:blank" else { return }

        let now = Date()
        let normalizedKey = normalizedHistoryKey(url: url)
        if let idx = entries.firstIndex(where: {
            if $0.url == urlString { return true }
            return normalizedHistoryKey(urlString: $0.url) == normalizedKey
        }) {
            entries[idx].typedCount += 1
            entries[idx].lastTypedAt = now
            entries[idx].lastVisited = now
        } else {
            entries.insert(Entry(
                id: UUID(),
                url: urlString,
                title: nil,
                lastVisited: now,
                visitCount: 1,
                typedCount: 1,
                lastTypedAt: now
            ), at: 0)
        }

        entries.sort(by: { $0.lastVisited > $1.lastVisited })
        if entries.count > maxEntries {
            entries.removeLast(entries.count - maxEntries)
        }

        scheduleSave()
    }

    func suggestions(for input: String, limit: Int = 10) -> [Entry] {
        loadIfNeeded()
        guard limit > 0 else { return [] }

        let q = input.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines).lowercased()
        guard !q.isEmpty else { return [] }
        let queryTokens = tokenizeSuggestionQuery(q)
        let now = Date()

        let matched = entries.compactMap { entry -> ScoredSuggestion? in
            let candidate = makeSuggestionCandidate(entry: entry)
            guard let score = suggestionScore(candidate: candidate, query: q, queryTokens: queryTokens, now: now) else {
                return nil
            }
            return ScoredSuggestion(entry: entry, score: score)
        }
        .sorted { lhs, rhs in
            if lhs.score != rhs.score { return lhs.score > rhs.score }
            if lhs.entry.lastVisited != rhs.entry.lastVisited { return lhs.entry.lastVisited > rhs.entry.lastVisited }
            if lhs.entry.visitCount != rhs.entry.visitCount { return lhs.entry.visitCount > rhs.entry.visitCount }
            return lhs.entry.url < rhs.entry.url
        }

        if matched.count <= limit { return matched.map(\.entry) }
        return Array(matched.prefix(limit).map(\.entry))
    }

    func recentSuggestions(limit: Int = 10) -> [Entry] {
        loadIfNeeded()
        guard limit > 0 else { return [] }

        let ranked = entries.sorted { lhs, rhs in
            if lhs.typedCount != rhs.typedCount { return lhs.typedCount > rhs.typedCount }
            let lhsTypedDate = lhs.lastTypedAt ?? .distantPast
            let rhsTypedDate = rhs.lastTypedAt ?? .distantPast
            if lhsTypedDate != rhsTypedDate { return lhsTypedDate > rhsTypedDate }
            if lhs.lastVisited != rhs.lastVisited { return lhs.lastVisited > rhs.lastVisited }
            if lhs.visitCount != rhs.visitCount { return lhs.visitCount > rhs.visitCount }
            return lhs.url < rhs.url
        }

        if ranked.count <= limit { return ranked }
        return Array(ranked.prefix(limit))
    }

    func clearHistory() {
        loadIfNeeded()
        saveTask?.cancel()
        saveTask = nil
        entries = []
        guard let fileURL else { return }
        try? FileManager.default.removeItem(at: fileURL)
    }

    @discardableResult
    func removeHistoryEntry(urlString: String) -> Bool {
        loadIfNeeded()
        let normalized = normalizedHistoryKey(urlString: urlString)
        let originalCount = entries.count
        entries.removeAll { entry in
            if entry.url == urlString { return true }
            guard let normalized else { return false }
            return normalizedHistoryKey(urlString: entry.url) == normalized
        }
        let didRemove = entries.count != originalCount
        if didRemove {
            scheduleSave()
        }
        return didRemove
    }

    func flushPendingSaves() {
        loadIfNeeded()
        saveTask?.cancel()
        saveTask = nil
        guard let fileURL else { return }
        try? Self.persistSnapshot(entries, to: fileURL)
    }

    private func scheduleSave() {
        guard let fileURL else { return }

        saveTask?.cancel()
        let snapshot = entries
        let debounceNanoseconds = saveDebounceNanoseconds

        saveTask = Task.detached(priority: .utility) {
            do {
                try await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: debounceNanoseconds) // debounce
            } catch {
                return
            }
            if Task.isCancelled { return }

            do {
                try Self.persistSnapshot(snapshot, to: fileURL)
            } catch {
                return
            }
        }
    }

    private func migrateLegacyTaggedHistoryFileIfNeeded(to targetURL: URL) {
        let fm = FileManager.default
        guard !fm.fileExists(atPath: targetURL.path) else { return }
        guard let legacyURL = Self.legacyTaggedHistoryFileURL(),
              legacyURL != targetURL,
              fm.fileExists(atPath: legacyURL.path) else {
            return
        }

        do {
            let dir = targetURL.deletingLastPathComponent()
            try fm.createDirectory(at: dir, withIntermediateDirectories: true, attributes: nil)
            try fm.copyItem(at: legacyURL, to: targetURL)
        } catch {
            return
        }
    }

    private func makeSuggestionCandidate(entry: Entry) -> SuggestionCandidate {
        let urlLower = entry.url.lowercased()
        let urlSansSchemeLower = stripHTTPSSchemePrefix(urlLower)
        let components = URLComponents(string: entry.url)
        let hostLower = components?.host?.lowercased() ?? ""
        let path = (components?.percentEncodedPath ?? components?.path ?? "").lowercased()
        let query = (components?.percentEncodedQuery ?? components?.query ?? "").lowercased()
        let pathAndQueryLower: String
        if query.isEmpty {
            pathAndQueryLower = path
        } else {
            pathAndQueryLower = "\(path)?\(query)"
        }
        let titleLower = (entry.title ?? "").trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines).lowercased()
        return SuggestionCandidate(
            entry: entry,
            urlLower: urlLower,
            urlSansSchemeLower: urlSansSchemeLower,
            hostLower: hostLower,
            pathAndQueryLower: pathAndQueryLower,
            titleLower: titleLower
        )
    }

    private func suggestionScore(
        candidate: SuggestionCandidate,
        query: String,
        queryTokens: [String],
        now: Date
    ) -> Double? {
        let queryIncludesScheme = query.hasPrefix("http://") || query.hasPrefix("https://")
        let urlMatchValue = queryIncludesScheme ? candidate.urlLower : candidate.urlSansSchemeLower
        let isSingleCharacterQuery = query.count == 1
        if isSingleCharacterQuery {
            let hasSingleCharStrongMatch =
                candidate.hostLower.hasPrefix(query) ||
                candidate.titleLower.hasPrefix(query) ||
                urlMatchValue.hasPrefix(query)
            guard hasSingleCharStrongMatch else { return nil }
        }

        let queryMatches =
            urlMatchValue.contains(query) ||
            candidate.hostLower.contains(query) ||
            candidate.pathAndQueryLower.contains(query) ||
            candidate.titleLower.contains(query)

        let tokenMatches = !queryTokens.isEmpty && queryTokens.allSatisfy { token in
            candidate.urlSansSchemeLower.contains(token) ||
            candidate.hostLower.contains(token) ||
            candidate.pathAndQueryLower.contains(token) ||
            candidate.titleLower.contains(token)
        }

        guard queryMatches || tokenMatches else { return nil }

        var score = 0.0

        if urlMatchValue == query { score += 1200 }
        if candidate.hostLower == query { score += 980 }
        if candidate.hostLower.hasPrefix(query) { score += 680 }
        if urlMatchValue.hasPrefix(query) { score += 560 }
        if candidate.titleLower.hasPrefix(query) { score += 420 }
        if candidate.pathAndQueryLower.hasPrefix(query) { score += 300 }

        if candidate.hostLower.contains(query) { score += 210 }
        if candidate.pathAndQueryLower.contains(query) { score += 165 }
        if candidate.titleLower.contains(query) { score += 145 }

        for token in queryTokens {
            if candidate.hostLower == token { score += 260 }
            else if candidate.hostLower.hasPrefix(token) { score += 170 }
            else if candidate.hostLower.contains(token) { score += 110 }

            if candidate.pathAndQueryLower.hasPrefix(token) { score += 80 }
            else if candidate.pathAndQueryLower.contains(token) { score += 52 }

            if candidate.titleLower.hasPrefix(token) { score += 74 }
            else if candidate.titleLower.contains(token) { score += 48 }
        }

        // Blend recency and repeat visits so history feels closer to browser frecency.
        let ageHours = max(0, now.timeIntervalSince(candidate.entry.lastVisited) / 3600)
        let recencyScore = max(0, 110 - (ageHours / 3))
        let frequencyScore = min(120, log1p(Double(max(1, candidate.entry.visitCount))) * 38)
        let typedFrequencyScore = min(190, log1p(Double(max(0, candidate.entry.typedCount))) * 80)
        let typedRecencyScore: Double
        if let lastTypedAt = candidate.entry.lastTypedAt {
            let typedAgeHours = max(0, now.timeIntervalSince(lastTypedAt) / 3600)
            typedRecencyScore = max(0, 85 - (typedAgeHours / 4))
        } else {
            typedRecencyScore = 0
        }
        score += recencyScore + frequencyScore + typedFrequencyScore + typedRecencyScore

        return score
    }

    private func stripHTTPSSchemePrefix(_ value: String) -> String {
        if value.hasPrefix("https://") {
            return String(value.dropFirst("https://".count))
        }
        if value.hasPrefix("http://") {
            return String(value.dropFirst("http://".count))
        }
        return value
    }

    private func normalizedHistoryKey(url: URL) -> String? {
        guard var components = URLComponents(url: url, resolvingAgainstBaseURL: true) else { return nil }
        return normalizedHistoryKey(components: &components)
    }

    private func normalizedHistoryKey(urlString: String) -> String? {
        guard var components = URLComponents(string: urlString) else { return nil }
        return normalizedHistoryKey(components: &components)
    }

    private func normalizedHistoryKey(components: inout URLComponents) -> String? {
        guard let scheme = components.scheme?.lowercased(),
              scheme == "http" || scheme == "https",
              var host = components.host?.lowercased() else {
            return nil
        }

        if host.hasPrefix("www.") {
            host.removeFirst(4)
        }

        if (scheme == "http" && components.port == 80) ||
            (scheme == "https" && components.port == 443) {
            components.port = nil
        }

        let portPart: String
        if let port = components.port {
            portPart = ":\(port)"
        } else {
            portPart = ""
        }

        var path = components.percentEncodedPath
        if path.isEmpty { path = "/" }
        while path.count > 1, path.hasSuffix("/") {
            path.removeLast()
        }

        let queryPart: String
        if let query = components.percentEncodedQuery, !query.isEmpty {
            queryPart = "?\(query.lowercased())"
        } else {
            queryPart = ""
        }

        return "\(scheme)://\(host)\(portPart)\(path)\(queryPart)"
    }

    private func tokenizeSuggestionQuery(_ query: String) -> [String] {
        var tokens: [String] = []
        var seen = Set<String>()
        let separators = CharacterSet.whitespacesAndNewlines.union(.punctuationCharacters).union(.symbols)
        for raw in query.components(separatedBy: separators) {
            let token = raw.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
            guard !token.isEmpty else { continue }
            guard !seen.contains(token) else { continue }
            seen.insert(token)
            tokens.append(token)
        }
        return tokens
    }

    nonisolated private static func defaultHistoryFileURL() -> URL? {
        let fm = FileManager.default
        guard let appSupport = fm.urls(for: .applicationSupportDirectory, in: .userDomainMask).first else {
            return nil
        }
        let bundleId = Bundle.main.bundleIdentifier ?? "cmux"
        let namespace = normalizedBrowserHistoryNamespace(bundleIdentifier: bundleId)
        let dir = appSupport.appendingPathComponent(namespace, isDirectory: true)
        return dir.appendingPathComponent("browser_history.json", isDirectory: false)
    }

    nonisolated private static func legacyTaggedHistoryFileURL() -> URL? {
        guard let bundleId = Bundle.main.bundleIdentifier else { return nil }
        let namespace = normalizedBrowserHistoryNamespace(bundleIdentifier: bundleId)
        guard namespace != bundleId else { return nil }
        let fm = FileManager.default
        guard let appSupport = fm.urls(for: .applicationSupportDirectory, in: .userDomainMask).first else {
            return nil
        }
        let dir = appSupport.appendingPathComponent(bundleId, isDirectory: true)
        return dir.appendingPathComponent("browser_history.json", isDirectory: false)
    }

    nonisolated private static func persistSnapshot(_ snapshot: [Entry], to fileURL: URL) throws {
        let dir = fileURL.deletingLastPathComponent()
        try FileManager.default.createDirectory(at: dir, withIntermediateDirectories: true, attributes: nil)

        let encoder = JSONEncoder()
        encoder.outputFormatting = [.withoutEscapingSlashes]
        let data = try encoder.encode(snapshot)
        try data.write(to: fileURL, options: [.atomic])
    }
}

actor BrowserSearchSuggestionService {
    static let shared = BrowserSearchSuggestionService()

    func suggestions(engine: BrowserSearchEngine, query: String) async -> [String] {
        let trimmed = query.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
        guard !trimmed.isEmpty else { return [] }

        // Deterministic UI-test hook for validating remote suggestion rendering
        // without relying on external network behavior.
        let forced = ProcessInfo.processInfo.environment["CMUX_UI_TEST_REMOTE_SUGGESTIONS_JSON"]
            ?? UserDefaults.standard.string(forKey: "CMUX_UI_TEST_REMOTE_SUGGESTIONS_JSON")
        if let forced,
           let data = forced.data(using: .utf8),
           let parsed = try? JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data) as? [Any] {
            return parsed.compactMap { item in
                guard let s = item as? String else { return nil }
                let value = s.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
                return value.isEmpty ? nil : value
            }
        }

        // Google's endpoint can intermittently throttle/block app-style traffic.
        // Query fallbacks in parallel so we can show predictions quickly.
        if engine == .google {
            return await fetchRemoteSuggestionsWithGoogleFallbacks(query: trimmed)
        }

        return await fetchRemoteSuggestions(engine: engine, query: trimmed)
    }

    private func fetchRemoteSuggestionsWithGoogleFallbacks(query: String) async -> [String] {
        await withTaskGroup(of: [String].self, returning: [String].self) { group in
            group.addTask {
                await self.fetchRemoteSuggestions(engine: .google, query: query)
            }
            group.addTask {
                await self.fetchRemoteSuggestions(engine: .duckduckgo, query: query)
            }
            group.addTask {
                await self.fetchRemoteSuggestions(engine: .bing, query: query)
            }

            while let result = await group.next() {
                if !result.isEmpty {
                    group.cancelAll()
                    return result
                }
            }

            return []
        }
    }

    private func fetchRemoteSuggestions(engine: BrowserSearchEngine, query: String) async -> [String] {
        let url: URL?
        switch engine {
        case .google:
            var c = URLComponents(string: "https://suggestqueries.google.com/complete/search")
            c?.queryItems = [
                URLQueryItem(name: "client", value: "firefox"),
                URLQueryItem(name: "q", value: query),
            ]
            url = c?.url
        case .duckduckgo:
            var c = URLComponents(string: "https://duckduckgo.com/ac/")
            c?.queryItems = [
                URLQueryItem(name: "q", value: query),
                URLQueryItem(name: "type", value: "list"),
            ]
            url = c?.url
        case .bing:
            var c = URLComponents(string: "https://www.bing.com/osjson.aspx")
            c?.queryItems = [
                URLQueryItem(name: "query", value: query),
            ]
            url = c?.url
        case .kagi:
            var c = URLComponents(string: "https://kagi.com/api/autosuggest")
            c?.queryItems = [
                URLQueryItem(name: "q", value: query),
            ]
            url = c?.url
        }

        guard let url else { return [] }

        var req = URLRequest(url: url)
        req.timeoutInterval = 0.65
        req.cachePolicy = .returnCacheDataElseLoad
        req.setValue(BrowserUserAgentSettings.safariUserAgent, forHTTPHeaderField: "User-Agent")
        req.setValue("en-US,en;q=0.9", forHTTPHeaderField: "Accept-Language")

        let data: Data
        let response: URLResponse
        do {
            (data, response) = try await URLSession.shared.data(for: req)
        } catch {
            return []
        }

        guard let http = response as? HTTPURLResponse,
              (200..<300).contains(http.statusCode) else {
            return []
        }

        switch engine {
        case .google, .bing, .kagi:
            return parseOSJSON(data: data)
        case .duckduckgo:
            return parseDuckDuckGo(data: data)
        }
    }

    private func parseOSJSON(data: Data) -> [String] {
        // Format: [query, [suggestions...], ...]
        guard let root = try? JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data) as? [Any],
              root.count >= 2,
              let list = root[1] as? [Any] else {
            return []
        }
        var out: [String] = []
        out.reserveCapacity(list.count)
        for item in list {
            guard let s = item as? String else { continue }
            let trimmed = s.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
            guard !trimmed.isEmpty else { continue }
            out.append(trimmed)
        }
        return out
    }

    private func parseDuckDuckGo(data: Data) -> [String] {
        // Format: [{phrase:"..."}, ...]
        guard let root = try? JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data) as? [Any] else {
            return []
        }
        var out: [String] = []
        out.reserveCapacity(root.count)
        for item in root {
            guard let dict = item as? [String: Any],
                  let phrase = dict["phrase"] as? String else { continue }
            let trimmed = phrase.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
            guard !trimmed.isEmpty else { continue }
            out.append(trimmed)
        }
        return out
    }
}

/// BrowserPanel provides a WKWebView-based browser panel.
/// All browser panels share a WKProcessPool for cookie sharing.
private enum BrowserInsecureHTTPNavigationIntent {
    case currentTab
    case newTab
}

/// Observable state for browser find-in-page. Mirrors `TerminalSurface.SearchState`.
@MainActor
final class BrowserSearchState: ObservableObject {
    @Published var needle: String
    @Published var selected: UInt?
    @Published var total: UInt?

    init(needle: String = "") {
        self.needle = needle
    }
}

final class BrowserPortalAnchorView: NSView {
    override var acceptsFirstResponder: Bool { false }
    override var isOpaque: Bool { false }

    override func hitTest(_ point: NSPoint) -> NSView? {
        nil
    }
}

@MainActor
final class BrowserPanel: Panel, ObservableObject {
    /// Shared process pool for cookie sharing across all browser panels
    private static let sharedProcessPool = WKProcessPool()

    static let telemetryHookBootstrapScriptSource = """
    (() => {
      if (window.__cmuxHooksInstalled) return true;
      window.__cmuxHooksInstalled = true;

      window.__cmuxConsoleLog = window.__cmuxConsoleLog || [];
      const __pushConsole = (level, args) => {
        try {
          const text = Array.from(args || []).map((x) => {
            if (typeof x === 'string') return x;
            try { return JSON.stringify(x); } catch (_) { return String(x); }
          }).join(' ');
          window.__cmuxConsoleLog.push({ level, text, timestamp_ms: Date.now() });
          if (window.__cmuxConsoleLog.length > 512) {
            window.__cmuxConsoleLog.splice(0, window.__cmuxConsoleLog.length - 512);
          }
        } catch (_) {}
      };

      const methods = ['log', 'info', 'warn', 'error', 'debug'];
      for (const m of methods) {
        const orig = (window.console && window.console[m]) ? window.console[m].bind(window.console) : null;
        window.console[m] = function(...args) {
          __pushConsole(m, args);
          if (orig) return orig(...args);
        };
      }

      window.__cmuxErrorLog = window.__cmuxErrorLog || [];
      window.addEventListener('error', (ev) => {
        try {
          const message = String((ev && ev.message) || '');
          const source = String((ev && ev.filename) || '');
          const line = Number((ev && ev.lineno) || 0);
          const col = Number((ev && ev.colno) || 0);
          window.__cmuxErrorLog.push({ message, source, line, column: col, timestamp_ms: Date.now() });
          if (window.__cmuxErrorLog.length > 512) {
            window.__cmuxErrorLog.splice(0, window.__cmuxErrorLog.length - 512);
          }
        } catch (_) {}
      });
      window.addEventListener('unhandledrejection', (ev) => {
        try {
          const reason = ev && ev.reason;
          const message = typeof reason === 'string' ? reason : (reason && reason.message ? String(reason.message) : String(reason));
          window.__cmuxErrorLog.push({ message, source: 'unhandledrejection', line: 0, column: 0, timestamp_ms: Date.now() });
          if (window.__cmuxErrorLog.length > 512) {
            window.__cmuxErrorLog.splice(0, window.__cmuxErrorLog.length - 512);
          }
        } catch (_) {}
      });

      return true;
    })()
    """

    static let dialogTelemetryHookBootstrapScriptSource = """
    (() => {
      if (window.__cmuxDialogHooksInstalled) return true;
      window.__cmuxDialogHooksInstalled = true;

      window.__cmuxDialogQueue = window.__cmuxDialogQueue || [];
      window.__cmuxDialogDefaults = window.__cmuxDialogDefaults || { confirm: false, prompt: null };
      const __pushDialog = (type, message, defaultText) => {
        window.__cmuxDialogQueue.push({
          type,
          message: String(message || ''),
          default_text: defaultText == null ? null : String(defaultText),
          timestamp_ms: Date.now()
        });
        if (window.__cmuxDialogQueue.length > 128) {
          window.__cmuxDialogQueue.splice(0, window.__cmuxDialogQueue.length - 128);
        }
      };

      window.alert = function(message) {
        __pushDialog('alert', message, null);
      };
      window.confirm = function(message) {
        __pushDialog('confirm', message, null);
        return !!window.__cmuxDialogDefaults.confirm;
      };
      window.prompt = function(message, defaultValue) {
        __pushDialog('prompt', message, defaultValue == null ? null : defaultValue);
        const v = window.__cmuxDialogDefaults.prompt;
        if (v === null || v === undefined) {
          return defaultValue == null ? '' : String(defaultValue);
        }
        return String(v);
      };

      return true;
    })()
    """

    private static func clampedGhosttyBackgroundOpacity(_ opacity: Double) -> CGFloat {
        CGFloat(max(0.0, min(1.0, opacity)))
    }

    private static func isDarkAppearance(
        appAppearance: NSAppearance? = NSApp?.effectiveAppearance
    ) -> Bool {
        guard let appAppearance else { return false }
        return appAppearance.bestMatch(from: [.darkAqua, .aqua]) == .darkAqua
    }

    private static func resolvedGhosttyBackgroundColor(from notification: Notification? = nil) -> NSColor {
        let userInfo = notification?.userInfo
        let baseColor = (userInfo?[GhosttyNotificationKey.backgroundColor] as? NSColor)
            ?? GhosttyApp.shared.defaultBackgroundColor

        let opacity: Double
        if let value = userInfo?[GhosttyNotificationKey.backgroundOpacity] as? Double {
            opacity = value
        } else if let value = userInfo?[GhosttyNotificationKey.backgroundOpacity] as? NSNumber {
            opacity = value.doubleValue
        } else {
            opacity = GhosttyApp.shared.defaultBackgroundOpacity
        }

        return baseColor.withAlphaComponent(clampedGhosttyBackgroundOpacity(opacity))
    }

    private static func resolvedBrowserChromeBackgroundColor(
        from notification: Notification? = nil,
        appAppearance: NSAppearance? = NSApp?.effectiveAppearance
    ) -> NSColor {
        if isDarkAppearance(appAppearance: appAppearance) {
            return resolvedGhosttyBackgroundColor(from: notification)
        }
        return NSColor.windowBackgroundColor
    }

    let id: UUID
    let panelType: PanelType = .browser

    /// The workspace ID this panel belongs to
    private(set) var workspaceId: UUID

    /// The underlying web view
    private(set) var webView: WKWebView

    /// Monotonic identity for the current WKWebView instance.
    /// Incremented whenever we replace the underlying WKWebView after a process crash.
    @Published private(set) var webViewInstanceID: UUID = UUID()

    /// Prevent the omnibar from auto-focusing for a short window after explicit programmatic focus.
    /// This avoids races where SwiftUI focus state steals first responder back from WebKit.
    private var suppressOmnibarAutofocusUntil: Date?

    /// Prevent forcing web-view focus when another UI path requested omnibar focus.
    /// Used to keep omnibar text-field focus from being immediately stolen by panel focus.
    private var suppressWebViewFocusUntil: Date?
    private var suppressWebViewFocusForAddressBar: Bool = false
    private var addressBarFocusRestoreGeneration: UInt64 = 0
    private let blankURLString = "about:blank"
    private static let addressBarFocusCaptureScript = """
    (() => {
      try {
        const syncState = (state) => {
          window.__cmuxAddressBarFocusState = state;
          try {
            if (window.top && window.top !== window) {
              window.top.postMessage({ cmuxAddressBarFocusState: state }, "*");
            } else if (window.top) {
              window.top.__cmuxAddressBarFocusState = state;
            }
          } catch (_) {}
        };

        const active = document.activeElement;
        if (!active) {
          syncState(null);
          return "cleared:none";
        }

        const tag = (active.tagName || "").toLowerCase();
        const type = (active.type || "").toLowerCase();
        const isEditable =
          !!active.isContentEditable ||
          tag === "textarea" ||
          (tag === "input" && type !== "hidden");
        if (!isEditable) {
          syncState(null);
          return "cleared:noneditable";
        }

        let id = active.getAttribute("data-cmux-addressbar-focus-id");
        if (!id) {
          id = "cmux-" + Date.now().toString(36) + "-" + Math.random().toString(36).slice(2, 8);
          active.setAttribute("data-cmux-addressbar-focus-id", id);
        }

        const state = { id, selectionStart: null, selectionEnd: null };
        if (typeof active.selectionStart === "number" && typeof active.selectionEnd === "number") {
          state.selectionStart = active.selectionStart;
          state.selectionEnd = active.selectionEnd;
        }
        syncState(state);
        return "captured:" + id;
      } catch (_) {
        return "error";
      }
    })();
    """
    private static let addressBarFocusTrackingBootstrapScript = """
    (() => {
      try {
        if (window.__cmuxAddressBarFocusTrackerInstalled) return true;
        window.__cmuxAddressBarFocusTrackerInstalled = true;

        const syncState = (state) => {
          window.__cmuxAddressBarFocusState = state;
          try {
            if (window.top && window.top !== window) {
              window.top.postMessage({ cmuxAddressBarFocusState: state }, "*");
            } else if (window.top) {
              window.top.__cmuxAddressBarFocusState = state;
            }
          } catch (_) {}
        };

        if (window.top === window && !window.__cmuxAddressBarFocusMessageBridgeInstalled) {
          window.__cmuxAddressBarFocusMessageBridgeInstalled = true;
          window.addEventListener("message", (ev) => {
            try {
              const data = ev ? ev.data : null;
              if (!data || !Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(data, "cmuxAddressBarFocusState")) return;
              window.__cmuxAddressBarFocusState = data.cmuxAddressBarFocusState || null;
            } catch (_) {}
          }, true);
        }

        const isEditable = (el) => {
          if (!el) return false;
          const tag = (el.tagName || "").toLowerCase();
          const type = (el.type || "").toLowerCase();
          return !!el.isContentEditable || tag === "textarea" || (tag === "input" && type !== "hidden");
        };

        const ensureFocusId = (el) => {
          let id = el.getAttribute("data-cmux-addressbar-focus-id");
          if (!id) {
            id = "cmux-" + Date.now().toString(36) + "-" + Math.random().toString(36).slice(2, 8);
            el.setAttribute("data-cmux-addressbar-focus-id", id);
          }
          return id;
        };

        const snapshot = (el) => {
          if (!isEditable(el)) {
            syncState(null);
            return;
          }
          const state = {
            id: ensureFocusId(el),
            selectionStart: null,
            selectionEnd: null
          };
          if (typeof el.selectionStart === "number" && typeof el.selectionEnd === "number") {
            state.selectionStart = el.selectionStart;
            state.selectionEnd = el.selectionEnd;
          }
          syncState(state);
        };

        document.addEventListener("focusin", (ev) => {
          snapshot(ev && ev.target ? ev.target : document.activeElement);
        }, true);
        document.addEventListener("selectionchange", () => {
          snapshot(document.activeElement);
        }, true);
        document.addEventListener("input", () => {
          snapshot(document.activeElement);
        }, true);
        document.addEventListener("mousedown", (ev) => {
          const target = ev && ev.target ? ev.target : null;
          if (!isEditable(target)) {
            syncState(null);
          }
        }, true);
        window.addEventListener("beforeunload", () => {
          syncState(null);
        }, true);

        snapshot(document.activeElement);
        return true;
      } catch (_) {
        return false;
      }
    })();
    """
    private static let addressBarFocusRestoreScript = """
    (() => {
      try {
        const readState = () => {
          let state = window.__cmuxAddressBarFocusState;
          try {
            if ((!state || typeof state.id !== "string" || !state.id) &&
                window.top && window.top.__cmuxAddressBarFocusState) {
              state = window.top.__cmuxAddressBarFocusState;
            }
          } catch (_) {}
          return state;
        };

        const clearState = () => {
          window.__cmuxAddressBarFocusState = null;
          try {
            if (window.top && window.top !== window) {
              window.top.postMessage({ cmuxAddressBarFocusState: null }, "*");
            } else if (window.top) {
              window.top.__cmuxAddressBarFocusState = null;
            }
          } catch (_) {}
        };

        const state = readState();
        if (!state || typeof state.id !== "string" || !state.id) {
          return "no_state";
        }

        const selector = '[data-cmux-addressbar-focus-id="' + state.id + '"]';
        const findTarget = (doc) => {
          if (!doc) return null;
          const direct = doc.querySelector(selector);
          if (direct && direct.isConnected) return direct;
          const frames = doc.querySelectorAll("iframe,frame");
          for (let i = 0; i < frames.length; i += 1) {
            const frame = frames[i];
            try {
              const childDoc = frame.contentDocument;
              if (!childDoc) continue;
              const nested = findTarget(childDoc);
              if (nested) return nested;
            } catch (_) {}
          }
          return null;
        };

        const target = findTarget(document);
        if (!target) {
          clearState();
          return "missing_target";
        }

        try {
          target.focus({ preventScroll: true });
        } catch (_) {
          try { target.focus(); } catch (_) {}
        }

        let focused = false;
        try {
          focused =
            target === target.ownerDocument.activeElement ||
            (typeof target.matches === "function" && target.matches(":focus"));
        } catch (_) {}
        if (!focused) {
          return "not_focused";
        }

        if (
          typeof state.selectionStart === "number" &&
          typeof state.selectionEnd === "number" &&
          typeof target.setSelectionRange === "function"
        ) {
          try {
            target.setSelectionRange(state.selectionStart, state.selectionEnd);
          } catch (_) {}
        }
        clearState();
        return "restored";
      } catch (_) {
        return "error";
      }
    })();
    """

    /// Published URL being displayed
    @Published private(set) var currentURL: URL?

    /// Whether the browser panel should render its WKWebView in the content area.
    /// New browser tabs stay in an empty "new tab" state until first navigation.
    @Published private(set) var shouldRenderWebView: Bool = false

    /// True when the browser is showing the internal empty new-tab page (no WKWebView attached yet).
    var isShowingNewTabPage: Bool {
        !shouldRenderWebView
    }

    /// Published page title
    @Published private(set) var pageTitle: String = ""

    /// Published favicon (PNG data). When present, the tab bar can render it instead of a SF symbol.
    @Published private(set) var faviconPNGData: Data?

    /// Published loading state
    @Published private(set) var isLoading: Bool = false

    /// Published download state for browser downloads (navigation + context menu).
    @Published private(set) var isDownloading: Bool = false

    /// Published can go back state
    @Published private(set) var canGoBack: Bool = false

    /// Published can go forward state
    @Published private(set) var canGoForward: Bool = false

    private var nativeCanGoBack: Bool = false
    private var nativeCanGoForward: Bool = false
    private var usesRestoredSessionHistory: Bool = false
    private var restoredBackHistoryStack: [URL] = []
    private var restoredForwardHistoryStack: [URL] = []
    private var restoredHistoryCurrentURL: URL?

    /// Published estimated progress (0.0 - 1.0)
    @Published private(set) var estimatedProgress: Double = 0.0

    /// Increment to request a UI-only flash highlight (e.g. from a keyboard shortcut).
    @Published private(set) var focusFlashToken: Int = 0

    /// Sticky omnibar-focus intent. This survives view mount timing races and is
    /// cleared only after BrowserPanelView acknowledges handling it.
    @Published private(set) var pendingAddressBarFocusRequestId: UUID?

    /// Find-in-page state. Non-nil when the find bar is visible.
    @Published var searchState: BrowserSearchState? = nil {
        didSet {
            if let searchState {
                NSLog("Find: browser search state created panel=%@", id.uuidString)
                searchNeedleCancellable = searchState.$needle
                    .removeDuplicates()
                    .map { needle -> AnyPublisher<String, Never> in
                        if needle.isEmpty || needle.count >= 3 {
                            return Just(needle).eraseToAnyPublisher()
                        }
                        return Just(needle)
                            .delay(for: .milliseconds(300), scheduler: DispatchQueue.main)
                            .eraseToAnyPublisher()
                    }
                    .switchToLatest()
                    .sink { [weak self] needle in
                        guard let self else { return }
                        NSLog("Find: browser needle updated panel=%@ needle=%@", self.id.uuidString, needle)
                        self.executeFindSearch(needle)
                    }
            } else if oldValue != nil {
                searchNeedleCancellable = nil
                NSLog("Find: browser search state cleared panel=%@", id.uuidString)
                executeFindClear()
            }
        }
    }
    private var searchNeedleCancellable: AnyCancellable?
    let portalAnchorView = BrowserPortalAnchorView(frame: .zero)
    private struct PortalHostLease {
        let hostId: ObjectIdentifier
        let paneId: UUID
        let inWindow: Bool
        let area: CGFloat
    }
    private var activePortalHostLease: PortalHostLease?
    private var webViewCancellables = Set<AnyCancellable>()
    private var navigationDelegate: BrowserNavigationDelegate?
    private var uiDelegate: BrowserUIDelegate?
    private var downloadDelegate: BrowserDownloadDelegate?
    private var webViewObservers: [NSKeyValueObservation] = []
    private var activeDownloadCount: Int = 0

    // Avoid flickering the loading indicator for very fast navigations.
    private let minLoadingIndicatorDuration: TimeInterval = 0.35
    private var loadingStartedAt: Date?
    private var loadingEndWorkItem: DispatchWorkItem?
    private var loadingGeneration: Int = 0

    private var faviconTask: Task<Void, Never>?
    private var faviconRefreshGeneration: Int = 0
    private var lastFaviconURLString: String?
    private let minPageZoom: CGFloat = 0.25
    private let maxPageZoom: CGFloat = 5.0
    private let pageZoomStep: CGFloat = 0.1
    private var insecureHTTPBypassHostOnce: String?
    private var insecureHTTPAlertFactory: () -> NSAlert
    private var insecureHTTPAlertWindowProvider: () -> NSWindow? = { NSApp.keyWindow ?? NSApp.mainWindow }
    // Persist user intent across WebKit detach/reattach churn (split/layout updates).
    private var preferredDeveloperToolsVisible: Bool = false
    private var forceDeveloperToolsRefreshOnNextAttach: Bool = false
    private var developerToolsRestoreRetryWorkItem: DispatchWorkItem?
    private var developerToolsRestoreRetryAttempt: Int = 0
    private let developerToolsRestoreRetryDelay: TimeInterval = 0.05
    private let developerToolsRestoreRetryMaxAttempts: Int = 40
    private var browserThemeMode: BrowserThemeMode

    var displayTitle: String {
        if !pageTitle.isEmpty {
            return pageTitle
        }
        if let url = currentURL {
            return url.host ?? url.absoluteString
        }
        return String(localized: "browser.newTab", defaultValue: "New tab")
    }

    private static let portalHostAreaThreshold: CGFloat = 4
    private static let portalHostReplacementAreaGainRatio: CGFloat = 1.2

    private static func portalHostArea(for bounds: CGRect) -> CGFloat {
        max(0, bounds.width) * max(0, bounds.height)
    }

    private static func portalHostIsUsable(_ lease: PortalHostLease) -> Bool {
        lease.inWindow && lease.area > portalHostAreaThreshold
    }

    func claimPortalHost(
        hostId: ObjectIdentifier,
        paneId: PaneID,
        inWindow: Bool,
        bounds: CGRect,
        reason: String
    ) -> Bool {
        let next = PortalHostLease(
            hostId: hostId,
            paneId: paneId.id,
            inWindow: inWindow,
            area: Self.portalHostArea(for: bounds)
        )

        if let current = activePortalHostLease {
            if current.hostId == hostId {
                activePortalHostLease = next
                return true
            }

            let currentUsable = Self.portalHostIsUsable(current)
            let nextUsable = Self.portalHostIsUsable(next)
            let shouldReplace =
                current.paneId != paneId.id ||
                !currentUsable ||
                (nextUsable && next.area > (current.area * Self.portalHostReplacementAreaGainRatio))

            if shouldReplace {
#if DEBUG
                dlog(
                    "browser.portal.host.claim panel=\(id.uuidString.prefix(5)) " +
                    "reason=\(reason) host=\(hostId) pane=\(paneId.id.uuidString.prefix(5)) " +
                    "inWin=\(inWindow ? 1 : 0) size=\(String(format: "%.1fx%.1f", bounds.width, bounds.height)) " +
                    "replacingHost=\(current.hostId) replacingPane=\(current.paneId.uuidString.prefix(5)) " +
                    "replacingInWin=\(current.inWindow ? 1 : 0) replacingArea=\(String(format: "%.1f", current.area))"
                )
#endif
                activePortalHostLease = next
                return true
            }

#if DEBUG
            dlog(
                "browser.portal.host.skip panel=\(id.uuidString.prefix(5)) " +
                "reason=\(reason) host=\(hostId) pane=\(paneId.id.uuidString.prefix(5)) " +
                "inWin=\(inWindow ? 1 : 0) size=\(String(format: "%.1fx%.1f", bounds.width, bounds.height)) " +
                "ownerHost=\(current.hostId) ownerPane=\(current.paneId.uuidString.prefix(5)) " +
                "ownerInWin=\(current.inWindow ? 1 : 0) ownerArea=\(String(format: "%.1f", current.area))"
            )
#endif
            return false
        }

        activePortalHostLease = next
#if DEBUG
        dlog(
            "browser.portal.host.claim panel=\(id.uuidString.prefix(5)) " +
            "reason=\(reason) host=\(hostId) pane=\(paneId.id.uuidString.prefix(5)) " +
            "inWin=\(inWindow ? 1 : 0) size=\(String(format: "%.1fx%.1f", bounds.width, bounds.height)) " +
            "replacingHost=nil"
        )
#endif
        return true
    }

    @discardableResult
    func releasePortalHostIfOwned(hostId: ObjectIdentifier, reason: String) -> Bool {
        guard let current = activePortalHostLease, current.hostId == hostId else { return false }
        activePortalHostLease = nil
#if DEBUG
        dlog(
            "browser.portal.host.release panel=\(id.uuidString.prefix(5)) " +
            "reason=\(reason) host=\(hostId) pane=\(current.paneId.uuidString.prefix(5)) " +
            "inWin=\(current.inWindow ? 1 : 0) area=\(String(format: "%.1f", current.area))"
        )
#endif
        return true
    }

    var displayIcon: String? {
        "globe"
    }

    var isDirty: Bool {
        false
    }

    private static func makeWebView() -> CmuxWebView {
        let config = WKWebViewConfiguration()
        config.processPool = BrowserPanel.sharedProcessPool
        config.mediaTypesRequiringUserActionForPlayback = []
        // Ensure browser cookies/storage persist across navigations and launches.
        // This reduces repeated consent/bot-challenge flows on sites like Google.
        config.websiteDataStore = .default()

        // Enable developer extras (DevTools)
        config.preferences.setValue(true, forKey: "developerExtrasEnabled")

        // Enable JavaScript
        config.defaultWebpagePreferences.allowsContentJavaScript = true
        // Keep browser console/error/dialog telemetry active from document start on every navigation.
        config.userContentController.addUserScript(
            WKUserScript(
                source: Self.telemetryHookBootstrapScriptSource,
                injectionTime: .atDocumentStart,
                forMainFrameOnly: false
            )
        )
        // Track the last editable focused element continuously so omnibar exit can
        // restore page input focus even if capture runs after first-responder handoff.
        config.userContentController.addUserScript(
            WKUserScript(
                source: Self.addressBarFocusTrackingBootstrapScript,
                injectionTime: .atDocumentStart,
                forMainFrameOnly: false
            )
        )

        let webView = CmuxWebView(frame: .zero, configuration: config)
        webView.allowsBackForwardNavigationGestures = true
        if #available(macOS 13.3, *) {
            webView.isInspectable = true
        }
        // Match the empty-page background to the terminal theme so newly-created browsers
        // don't flash white before content loads.
        webView.underPageBackgroundColor = GhosttyBackgroundTheme.currentColor()
        // Always present as Safari.
        webView.customUserAgent = BrowserUserAgentSettings.safariUserAgent
        return webView
    }

    private func bindWebView(_ webView: CmuxWebView) {
        webView.onContextMenuDownloadStateChanged = { [weak self] downloading in
            if downloading {
                self?.beginDownloadActivity()
            } else {
                self?.endDownloadActivity()
            }
        }
        webView.navigationDelegate = navigationDelegate
        webView.uiDelegate = uiDelegate
        setupObservers(for: webView)
    }

    init(workspaceId: UUID, initialURL: URL? = nil, bypassInsecureHTTPHostOnce: String? = nil) {
        self.id = UUID()
        self.workspaceId = workspaceId
        self.insecureHTTPBypassHostOnce = BrowserInsecureHTTPSettings.normalizeHost(bypassInsecureHTTPHostOnce ?? "")
        self.browserThemeMode = BrowserThemeSettings.mode()

        let webView = Self.makeWebView()
        self.webView = webView
        self.insecureHTTPAlertFactory = { NSAlert() }

        // Set up navigation delegate
        let navDelegate = BrowserNavigationDelegate()
        navDelegate.didFinish = { webView in
            BrowserHistoryStore.shared.recordVisit(url: webView.url, title: webView.title)
            Task { @MainActor [weak self] in
                self?.refreshFavicon(from: webView)
                self?.applyBrowserThemeModeIfNeeded()
                // Keep find-in-page open through load completion and refresh matches for the new DOM.
                self?.restoreFindStateAfterNavigation(replaySearch: true)
            }
        }
        navDelegate.didFailNavigation = { [weak self] _, failedURL in
            Task { @MainActor in
                guard let self else { return }
                // Clear stale title/favicon from the previous page so the tab
                // shows the failed URL instead of the old page's branding.
                self.pageTitle = failedURL.isEmpty ? "" : failedURL
                self.faviconPNGData = nil
                self.lastFaviconURLString = nil
                // Keep find-in-page open and clear stale counters on failed loads.
                self.restoreFindStateAfterNavigation(replaySearch: false)
            }
        }
        navDelegate.openInNewTab = { [weak self] url in
            self?.openLinkInNewTab(url: url)
        }
        navDelegate.shouldBlockInsecureHTTPNavigation = { [weak self] url in
            self?.shouldBlockInsecureHTTPNavigation(to: url) ?? false
        }
        navDelegate.handleBlockedInsecureHTTPNavigation = { [weak self] request, intent in
            self?.presentInsecureHTTPAlert(for: request, intent: intent, recordTypedNavigation: false)
        }
        navDelegate.didTerminateWebContentProcess = { [weak self] webView in
            self?.replaceWebViewAfterContentProcessTermination(for: webView)
        }
        // Set up download delegate for navigation-based downloads.
        // Downloads save to a temp file synchronously (no NSSavePanel during WebKit
        // callbacks), then show NSSavePanel after the download completes.
        let dlDelegate = BrowserDownloadDelegate()
        dlDelegate.onDownloadStarted = { [weak self] _ in
            self?.beginDownloadActivity()
        }
        dlDelegate.onDownloadReadyToSave = { [weak self] in
            self?.endDownloadActivity()
        }
        dlDelegate.onDownloadFailed = { [weak self] _ in
            self?.endDownloadActivity()
        }
        navDelegate.downloadDelegate = dlDelegate
        self.downloadDelegate = dlDelegate
        self.navigationDelegate = navDelegate

        // Set up UI delegate (handles cmd+click, target=_blank, and context menu)
        let browserUIDelegate = BrowserUIDelegate()
        browserUIDelegate.openInNewTab = { [weak self] url in
            guard let self else { return }
            self.openLinkInNewTab(url: url)
        }
        browserUIDelegate.requestNavigation = { [weak self] request, intent in
            self?.requestNavigation(request, intent: intent)
        }
        self.uiDelegate = browserUIDelegate

        bindWebView(webView)
        applyBrowserThemeModeIfNeeded()
        insecureHTTPAlertWindowProvider = { [weak self] in
            self?.webView.window ?? NSApp.keyWindow ?? NSApp.mainWindow
        }

        // Navigate to initial URL if provided
        if let url = initialURL {
            shouldRenderWebView = true
            navigate(to: url)
        }
    }

    private func beginDownloadActivity() {
        let apply = {
            self.activeDownloadCount += 1
            self.isDownloading = self.activeDownloadCount > 0
        }
        if Thread.isMainThread {
            apply()
        } else {
            DispatchQueue.main.async(execute: apply)
        }
    }

    private func endDownloadActivity() {
        let apply = {
            self.activeDownloadCount = max(0, self.activeDownloadCount - 1)
            self.isDownloading = self.activeDownloadCount > 0
        }
        if Thread.isMainThread {
            apply()
        } else {
            DispatchQueue.main.async(execute: apply)
        }
    }

    func updateWorkspaceId(_ newWorkspaceId: UUID) {
        workspaceId = newWorkspaceId
    }

    func triggerFlash() {
        focusFlashToken &+= 1
    }

    func sessionNavigationHistorySnapshot() -> (
        backHistoryURLStrings: [String],
        forwardHistoryURLStrings: [String]
    ) {
        if usesRestoredSessionHistory {
            let back = restoredBackHistoryStack.compactMap { Self.serializableSessionHistoryURLString($0) }
            // `restoredForwardHistoryStack` stores nearest-forward entries at the end.
            let forward = restoredForwardHistoryStack.reversed().compactMap { Self.serializableSessionHistoryURLString($0) }
            return (back, forward)
        }

        let back = webView.backForwardList.backList.compactMap {
            Self.serializableSessionHistoryURLString($0.url)
        }
        let forward = webView.backForwardList.forwardList.compactMap {
            Self.serializableSessionHistoryURLString($0.url)
        }
        return (back, forward)
    }

    func restoreSessionNavigationHistory(
        backHistoryURLStrings: [String],
        forwardHistoryURLStrings: [String],
        currentURLString: String?
    ) {
        let restoredBack = Self.sanitizedSessionHistoryURLs(backHistoryURLStrings)
        let restoredForward = Self.sanitizedSessionHistoryURLs(forwardHistoryURLStrings)
        guard !restoredBack.isEmpty || !restoredForward.isEmpty else { return }

        usesRestoredSessionHistory = true
        restoredBackHistoryStack = restoredBack
        // Store nearest-forward entries at the end to make stack pop operations trivial.
        restoredForwardHistoryStack = Array(restoredForward.reversed())
        restoredHistoryCurrentURL = Self.sanitizedSessionHistoryURL(currentURLString)
        refreshNavigationAvailability()
    }

    private func setupObservers(for webView: WKWebView) {
        // URL changes
        let urlObserver = webView.observe(\.url, options: [.new]) { [weak self] webView, _ in
            Task { @MainActor in
                self?.currentURL = webView.url
            }
        }
        webViewObservers.append(urlObserver)

        // Title changes
        let titleObserver = webView.observe(\.title, options: [.new]) { [weak self] webView, _ in
            Task { @MainActor in
                // Keep showing the last non-empty title while the new navigation is loading.
                // WebKit often clears title to nil/"" during reload/navigation, which causes
                // a distracting tab-title flash (e.g. to host/URL). Only accept non-empty titles.
                let trimmed = (webView.title ?? "").trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
                guard !trimmed.isEmpty else { return }
                self?.pageTitle = trimmed
            }
        }
        webViewObservers.append(titleObserver)

        // Loading state
        let loadingObserver = webView.observe(\.isLoading, options: [.new]) { [weak self] webView, _ in
            Task { @MainActor in
                self?.handleWebViewLoadingChanged(webView.isLoading)
            }
        }
        webViewObservers.append(loadingObserver)

        // Can go back
        let backObserver = webView.observe(\.canGoBack, options: [.new]) { [weak self] webView, _ in
            Task { @MainActor in
                guard let self else { return }
                self.nativeCanGoBack = webView.canGoBack
                self.refreshNavigationAvailability()
            }
        }
        webViewObservers.append(backObserver)

        // Can go forward
        let forwardObserver = webView.observe(\.canGoForward, options: [.new]) { [weak self] webView, _ in
            Task { @MainActor in
                guard let self else { return }
                self.nativeCanGoForward = webView.canGoForward
                self.refreshNavigationAvailability()
            }
        }
        webViewObservers.append(forwardObserver)

        // Progress
        let progressObserver = webView.observe(\.estimatedProgress, options: [.new]) { [weak self] webView, _ in
            Task { @MainActor in
                self?.estimatedProgress = webView.estimatedProgress
            }
        }
        webViewObservers.append(progressObserver)

        NotificationCenter.default.publisher(for: .ghosttyDefaultBackgroundDidChange)
            .sink { [weak self] notification in
                guard let self else { return }
                self.webView.underPageBackgroundColor = GhosttyBackgroundTheme.color(from: notification)
            }
            .store(in: &webViewCancellables)
    }

    private func replaceWebViewAfterContentProcessTermination(for terminatedWebView: WKWebView) {
        guard terminatedWebView === webView else { return }

        let wasRenderable = shouldRenderWebView
        let restoreURL = terminatedWebView.url ?? currentURL
        let restoreURLString = restoreURL?.absoluteString
        let shouldRestoreURL = wasRenderable && restoreURLString != nil && restoreURLString != blankURLString
        let history = sessionNavigationHistorySnapshot()
        let historyCurrentURL = preferredURLStringForOmnibar()
        let desiredZoom = max(minPageZoom, min(maxPageZoom, terminatedWebView.pageZoom))
        let restoreDevTools = preferredDeveloperToolsVisible

#if DEBUG
        dlog(
            "browser.webview.replace.begin panel=\(id.uuidString.prefix(5)) " +
            "renderable=\(wasRenderable ? 1 : 0) restoreURL=\(restoreURLString ?? "nil") " +
            "restoreHistoryBack=\(history.backHistoryURLStrings.count) " +
            "restoreHistoryForward=\(history.forwardHistoryURLStrings.count)"
        )
#endif

        webViewObservers.removeAll()
        webViewCancellables.removeAll()
        BrowserWindowPortalRegistry.detach(webView: terminatedWebView)
        terminatedWebView.stopLoading()
        terminatedWebView.navigationDelegate = nil
        terminatedWebView.uiDelegate = nil
        if let terminatedCmuxWebView = terminatedWebView as? CmuxWebView {
            terminatedCmuxWebView.onContextMenuDownloadStateChanged = nil
        }

        let replacement = Self.makeWebView()
        replacement.pageZoom = desiredZoom
        webView = replacement
        webViewInstanceID = UUID()
        shouldRenderWebView = wasRenderable

        bindWebView(replacement)

        if !history.backHistoryURLStrings.isEmpty || !history.forwardHistoryURLStrings.isEmpty {
            restoreSessionNavigationHistory(
                backHistoryURLStrings: history.backHistoryURLStrings,
                forwardHistoryURLStrings: history.forwardHistoryURLStrings,
                currentURLString: historyCurrentURL
            )
        }

        if shouldRestoreURL, let restoreURL {
            navigateWithoutInsecureHTTPPrompt(
                to: restoreURL,
                recordTypedNavigation: false,
                preserveRestoredSessionHistory: true
            )
        } else {
            refreshNavigationAvailability()
        }

        if restoreDevTools {
            requestDeveloperToolsRefreshAfterNextAttach(reason: "webcontent_process_terminated")
        }

#if DEBUG
        dlog(
            "browser.webview.replace.end panel=\(id.uuidString.prefix(5)) " +
            "instance=\(webViewInstanceID.uuidString.prefix(6)) " +
            "restoreURL=\(restoreURLString ?? "nil") shouldRestore=\(shouldRestoreURL ? 1 : 0)"
        )
#endif
    }

#if DEBUG
    func debugSimulateWebContentProcessTermination() {
        replaceWebViewAfterContentProcessTermination(for: webView)
    }
#endif

    // MARK: - Panel Protocol

    func focus() {
        if shouldSuppressWebViewFocus() {
            return
        }

        guard let window = webView.window, !webView.isHiddenOrHasHiddenAncestor else { return }

        // If nothing meaningful is loaded yet, prefer letting the omnibar take focus.
        if !webView.isLoading {
            let urlString = webView.url?.absoluteString ?? currentURL?.absoluteString
            if urlString == nil || urlString == "about:blank" {
                return
            }
        }

        if Self.responderChainContains(window.firstResponder, target: webView) {
            return
        }
        window.makeFirstResponder(webView)
    }

    func unfocus() {
        guard let window = webView.window else { return }
        if Self.responderChainContains(window.firstResponder, target: webView) {
            window.makeFirstResponder(nil)
        }
    }

    func close() {
        // Ensure we don't keep a hidden WKWebView (or its content view) as first responder while
        // bonsplit/SwiftUI reshuffles views during close.
        unfocus()
        webView.stopLoading()
        webView.navigationDelegate = nil
        webView.uiDelegate = nil
        navigationDelegate = nil
        uiDelegate = nil
        webViewObservers.removeAll()
        webViewCancellables.removeAll()
        faviconTask?.cancel()
        faviconTask = nil
    }

    private func refreshFavicon(from webView: WKWebView) {
        faviconTask?.cancel()
        faviconTask = nil

        guard let pageURL = webView.url else { return }
        guard let scheme = pageURL.scheme?.lowercased(), scheme == "http" || scheme == "https" else { return }
        faviconRefreshGeneration &+= 1
        let refreshGeneration = faviconRefreshGeneration

        faviconTask = Task { @MainActor [weak self, weak webView] in
            guard let self, let webView else { return }
            guard self.isCurrentFaviconRefresh(generation: refreshGeneration) else { return }

            // Try to discover the best icon URL from the document.
            let js = """
            (() => {
              const links = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll(
                'link[rel~=\"icon\"], link[rel=\"shortcut icon\"], link[rel=\"apple-touch-icon\"], link[rel=\"apple-touch-icon-precomposed\"]'
              ));
              function score(link) {
                const v = (link.sizes && link.sizes.value) ? link.sizes.value : '';
                if (v === 'any') return 1000;
                let max = 0;
                for (const part of v.split(/\\s+/)) {
                  const m = part.match(/(\\d+)x(\\d+)/);
                  if (!m) continue;
                  const a = parseInt(m[1], 10);
                  const b = parseInt(m[2], 10);
                  if (Number.isFinite(a)) max = Math.max(max, a);
                  if (Number.isFinite(b)) max = Math.max(max, b);
                }
                return max;
              }
              links.sort((a, b) => score(b) - score(a));
              return links[0]?.href || '';
            })();
            """

            var discoveredURL: URL?
            if let href = try? await webView.evaluateJavaScript(js) as? String {
                let trimmed = href.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
                if !trimmed.isEmpty, let u = URL(string: trimmed) {
                    discoveredURL = u
                }
            }
            guard self.isCurrentFaviconRefresh(generation: refreshGeneration) else { return }

            let fallbackURL = URL(string: "/favicon.ico", relativeTo: pageURL)
            let iconURL = discoveredURL ?? fallbackURL
            guard let iconURL else { return }

            // Avoid repeated fetches.
            let iconURLString = iconURL.absoluteString
            if iconURLString == lastFaviconURLString, faviconPNGData != nil {
                return
            }
            lastFaviconURLString = iconURLString

            var req = URLRequest(url: iconURL)
            req.timeoutInterval = 2.0
            req.cachePolicy = .returnCacheDataElseLoad
            req.setValue(BrowserUserAgentSettings.safariUserAgent, forHTTPHeaderField: "User-Agent")

            let data: Data
            let response: URLResponse
            do {
                (data, response) = try await URLSession.shared.data(for: req)
            } catch {
                return
            }
            guard self.isCurrentFaviconRefresh(generation: refreshGeneration) else { return }

            guard let http = response as? HTTPURLResponse,
                  (200..<300).contains(http.statusCode) else {
                return
            }

            // Use >= 2x the rendered point size so we don't upscale (blurry) on Retina.
            guard let png = Self.makeFaviconPNGData(from: data, targetPx: 32) else { return }
            // Only update if we got a real icon; keep the old one otherwise to avoid flashes.
            faviconPNGData = png
        }
    }

    private func isCurrentFaviconRefresh(generation: Int) -> Bool {
        guard !Task.isCancelled else { return false }
        return generation == faviconRefreshGeneration
    }

    @MainActor
    private static func makeFaviconPNGData(from raw: Data, targetPx: Int) -> Data? {
        guard let image = NSImage(data: raw) else { return nil }

        let px = max(16, min(128, targetPx))
        let size = NSSize(width: px, height: px)
        guard let rep = NSBitmapImageRep(
            bitmapDataPlanes: nil,
            pixelsWide: px,
            pixelsHigh: px,
            bitsPerSample: 8,
            samplesPerPixel: 4,
            hasAlpha: true,
            isPlanar: false,
            colorSpaceName: .deviceRGB,
            bytesPerRow: 0,
            bitsPerPixel: 0
        ) else {
            return nil
        }

        NSGraphicsContext.saveGraphicsState()
        defer { NSGraphicsContext.restoreGraphicsState() }
        let ctx = NSGraphicsContext(bitmapImageRep: rep)
        ctx?.imageInterpolation = .high
        ctx?.shouldAntialias = true
        NSGraphicsContext.current = ctx

        NSColor.clear.setFill()
        NSRect(origin: .zero, size: size).fill()

        // Aspect-fit into the target square.
        let srcSize = image.size
        let scale = min(size.width / max(1, srcSize.width), size.height / max(1, srcSize.height))
        let drawSize = NSSize(width: srcSize.width * scale, height: srcSize.height * scale)
        let drawOrigin = NSPoint(x: (size.width - drawSize.width) / 2.0, y: (size.height - drawSize.height) / 2.0)
        // Align to integral pixels to avoid soft edges at small sizes.
        let drawRect = NSRect(
            x: round(drawOrigin.x),
            y: round(drawOrigin.y),
            width: round(drawSize.width),
            height: round(drawSize.height)
        )

        image.draw(
            in: drawRect,
            from: NSRect(origin: .zero, size: srcSize),
            operation: .sourceOver,
            fraction: 1.0,
            respectFlipped: true,
            hints: [.interpolation: NSImageInterpolation.high]
        )

        return rep.representation(using: .png, properties: [:])
    }

    private func handleWebViewLoadingChanged(_ newValue: Bool) {
        if newValue {
            // Any new load invalidates older favicon fetches, even for same-URL reloads.
            faviconRefreshGeneration &+= 1
            faviconTask?.cancel()
            faviconTask = nil
            lastFaviconURLString = nil
            // Clear the previous page's favicon so it never persists across navigations.
            // The loading spinner covers this gap; didFinish will fetch the new favicon.
            faviconPNGData = nil
            loadingGeneration &+= 1
            loadingEndWorkItem?.cancel()
            loadingEndWorkItem = nil
            loadingStartedAt = Date()
            isLoading = true
            return
        }

        let genAtEnd = loadingGeneration
        let startedAt = loadingStartedAt ?? Date()
        let elapsed = Date().timeIntervalSince(startedAt)
        let remaining = max(0, minLoadingIndicatorDuration - elapsed)

        loadingEndWorkItem?.cancel()
        loadingEndWorkItem = nil

        if remaining <= 0.0001 {
            isLoading = false
            return
        }

        let work = DispatchWorkItem { [weak self] in
            guard let self else { return }
            // If loading restarted, ignore this end.
            guard self.loadingGeneration == genAtEnd else { return }
            // If WebKit is still loading, ignore.
            guard !self.webView.isLoading else { return }
            self.isLoading = false
        }
        loadingEndWorkItem = work
        DispatchQueue.main.asyncAfter(deadline: .now() + remaining, execute: work)
    }

    // MARK: - Navigation

    /// Navigate to a URL
    func navigate(to url: URL, recordTypedNavigation: Bool = false) {
        let request = URLRequest(url: url)
        if shouldBlockInsecureHTTPNavigation(to: url) {
            presentInsecureHTTPAlert(for: request, intent: .currentTab, recordTypedNavigation: recordTypedNavigation)
            return
        }
        navigateWithoutInsecureHTTPPrompt(request: request, recordTypedNavigation: recordTypedNavigation)
    }

    private func navigateWithoutInsecureHTTPPrompt(
        to url: URL,
        recordTypedNavigation: Bool,
        preserveRestoredSessionHistory: Bool = false
    ) {
        let request = URLRequest(url: url)
        navigateWithoutInsecureHTTPPrompt(
            request: request,
            recordTypedNavigation: recordTypedNavigation,
            preserveRestoredSessionHistory: preserveRestoredSessionHistory
        )
    }

    private func navigateWithoutInsecureHTTPPrompt(
        request: URLRequest,
        recordTypedNavigation: Bool,
        preserveRestoredSessionHistory: Bool = false
    ) {
        guard let url = request.url else { return }
        if !preserveRestoredSessionHistory {
            abandonRestoredSessionHistoryIfNeeded()
        }
        // Some installs can end up with a legacy Chrome UA override; keep this pinned.
        webView.customUserAgent = BrowserUserAgentSettings.safariUserAgent
        shouldRenderWebView = true
        if recordTypedNavigation {
            BrowserHistoryStore.shared.recordTypedNavigation(url: url)
        }
        navigationDelegate?.lastAttemptedURL = url
        browserLoadRequest(request, in: webView)
    }

    /// Navigate with smart URL/search detection
    /// - If input looks like a URL, navigate to it
    /// - Otherwise, perform a web search
    func navigateSmart(_ input: String) {
        let trimmed = input.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
        guard !trimmed.isEmpty else { return }

        if let url = resolveNavigableURL(from: trimmed) {
            navigate(to: url, recordTypedNavigation: true)
            return
        }

        let engine = BrowserSearchSettings.currentSearchEngine()
        guard let searchURL = engine.searchURL(query: trimmed) else { return }
        navigate(to: searchURL)
    }

    func resolveNavigableURL(from input: String) -> URL? {
        resolveBrowserNavigableURL(input)
    }

    private func shouldBlockInsecureHTTPNavigation(to url: URL) -> Bool {
        if browserShouldConsumeOneTimeInsecureHTTPBypass(url, bypassHostOnce: &insecureHTTPBypassHostOnce) {
            return false
        }
        return browserShouldBlockInsecureHTTPURL(url)
    }

    private func requestNavigation(_ request: URLRequest, intent: BrowserInsecureHTTPNavigationIntent) {
        guard let url = request.url else { return }
        if shouldBlockInsecureHTTPNavigation(to: url) {
            presentInsecureHTTPAlert(for: request, intent: intent, recordTypedNavigation: false)
            return
        }
        switch intent {
        case .currentTab:
            navigateWithoutInsecureHTTPPrompt(request: request, recordTypedNavigation: false)
        case .newTab:
            openLinkInNewTab(url: url)
        }
    }

    private func presentInsecureHTTPAlert(
        for request: URLRequest,
        intent: BrowserInsecureHTTPNavigationIntent,
        recordTypedNavigation: Bool
    ) {
        guard let url = request.url else { return }
        guard let host = BrowserInsecureHTTPSettings.normalizeHost(url.host ?? "") else { return }

        let alert = insecureHTTPAlertFactory()
        alert.alertStyle = .warning
        alert.messageText = String(localized: "browser.error.insecure.title", defaultValue: "Connection isn\u{2019}t secure")
        alert.informativeText = String(localized: "browser.error.insecure.message", defaultValue: "\(host) uses plain HTTP, so traffic can be read or modified on the network.\n\nOpen this URL in your default browser, or proceed in cmux.")
        alert.addButton(withTitle: String(localized: "browser.openInDefaultBrowser", defaultValue: "Open in Default Browser"))
        alert.addButton(withTitle: String(localized: "browser.proceedInCmux", defaultValue: "Proceed in cmux"))
        alert.addButton(withTitle: String(localized: "common.cancel", defaultValue: "Cancel"))
        alert.showsSuppressionButton = true
        alert.suppressionButton?.title = String(localized: "browser.alwaysAllowHost", defaultValue: "Always allow this host in cmux")

        let handleResponse: (NSApplication.ModalResponse) -> Void = { [weak self, weak alert] response in
            self?.handleInsecureHTTPAlertResponse(
                response,
                alert: alert,
                host: host,
                request: request,
                url: url,
                intent: intent,
                recordTypedNavigation: recordTypedNavigation
            )
        }

        if let alertWindow = insecureHTTPAlertWindowProvider() {
            alert.beginSheetModal(for: alertWindow, completionHandler: handleResponse)
            return
        }

        handleResponse(alert.runModal())
    }

    private func handleInsecureHTTPAlertResponse(
        _ response: NSApplication.ModalResponse,
        alert: NSAlert?,
        host: String,
        request: URLRequest,
        url: URL,
        intent: BrowserInsecureHTTPNavigationIntent,
        recordTypedNavigation: Bool
    ) {
        if browserShouldPersistInsecureHTTPAllowlistSelection(
            response: response,
            suppressionEnabled: alert?.suppressionButton?.state == .on
        ) {
            BrowserInsecureHTTPSettings.addAllowedHost(host)
        }
        switch response {
        case .alertFirstButtonReturn:
            NSWorkspace.shared.open(url)
        case .alertSecondButtonReturn:
            switch intent {
            case .currentTab:
                insecureHTTPBypassHostOnce = host
                navigateWithoutInsecureHTTPPrompt(request: request, recordTypedNavigation: recordTypedNavigation)
            case .newTab:
                openLinkInNewTab(url: url, bypassInsecureHTTPHostOnce: host)
            }
        default:
            return
        }
    }

    deinit {
        developerToolsRestoreRetryWorkItem?.cancel()
        developerToolsRestoreRetryWorkItem = nil
        let webView = webView
        Task { @MainActor in
            BrowserWindowPortalRegistry.detach(webView: webView)
        }
        webViewObservers.removeAll()
        webViewCancellables.removeAll()
    }
}

func resolveBrowserNavigableURL(_ input: String) -> URL? {
    let trimmed = input.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
    guard !trimmed.isEmpty else { return nil }
    guard !trimmed.contains(" ") else { return nil }

    // Check localhost/loopback before generic URL parsing because
    // URL(string: "localhost:3777") treats "localhost" as a scheme.
    let lower = trimmed.lowercased()
    if lower.hasPrefix("localhost") || lower.hasPrefix("127.0.0.1") || lower.hasPrefix("[::1]") {
        return URL(string: "http://\(trimmed)")
    }

    if let url = URL(string: trimmed), let scheme = url.scheme?.lowercased() {
        if scheme == "http" || scheme == "https" {
            return url
        }
        if scheme == "file", url.isFileURL, url.path.hasPrefix("/") {
            return url
        }
        return nil
    }

    if trimmed.contains(":") || trimmed.contains("/") {
        return URL(string: "https://\(trimmed)")
    }

    if trimmed.contains(".") {
        return URL(string: "https://\(trimmed)")
    }

    return nil
}

extension BrowserPanel {

    /// Go back in history
    func goBack() {
        guard canGoBack else { return }
        if usesRestoredSessionHistory {
            guard let targetURL = restoredBackHistoryStack.popLast() else {
                refreshNavigationAvailability()
                return
            }
            if let current = resolvedCurrentSessionHistoryURL() {
                restoredForwardHistoryStack.append(current)
            }
            restoredHistoryCurrentURL = targetURL
            refreshNavigationAvailability()
            navigateWithoutInsecureHTTPPrompt(
                to: targetURL,
                recordTypedNavigation: false,
                preserveRestoredSessionHistory: true
            )
            return
        }

        webView.goBack()
    }

    /// Go forward in history
    func goForward() {
        guard canGoForward else { return }
        if usesRestoredSessionHistory {
            guard let targetURL = restoredForwardHistoryStack.popLast() else {
                refreshNavigationAvailability()
                return
            }
            if let current = resolvedCurrentSessionHistoryURL() {
                restoredBackHistoryStack.append(current)
            }
            restoredHistoryCurrentURL = targetURL
            refreshNavigationAvailability()
            navigateWithoutInsecureHTTPPrompt(
                to: targetURL,
                recordTypedNavigation: false,
                preserveRestoredSessionHistory: true
            )
            return
        }

        webView.goForward()
    }

    /// Open a link in a new browser surface in the same pane
    func openLinkInNewTab(url: URL, bypassInsecureHTTPHostOnce: String? = nil) {
#if DEBUG
        dlog(
            "browser.newTab.open.begin panel=\(id.uuidString.prefix(5)) " +
            "workspace=\(workspaceId.uuidString.prefix(5)) url=\(url.absoluteString) " +
            "bypass=\(bypassInsecureHTTPHostOnce ?? "nil")"
        )
#endif
        guard let app = AppDelegate.shared else {
#if DEBUG
            dlog("browser.newTab.open.abort panel=\(id.uuidString.prefix(5)) reason=missingAppDelegate")
#endif
            return
        }
        guard let workspace = app.workspaceContainingPanel(
            panelId: id,
            preferredWorkspaceId: workspaceId
        )?.workspace else {
#if DEBUG
            dlog("browser.newTab.open.abort panel=\(id.uuidString.prefix(5)) reason=workspaceMissing")
#endif
            return
        }
        guard let paneId = workspace.paneId(forPanelId: id) else {
#if DEBUG
            dlog("browser.newTab.open.abort panel=\(id.uuidString.prefix(5)) reason=paneMissing")
#endif
            return
        }
        workspace.newBrowserSurface(
            inPane: paneId,
            url: url,
            focus: true,
            bypassInsecureHTTPHostOnce: bypassInsecureHTTPHostOnce
        )
#if DEBUG
        dlog(
            "browser.newTab.open.done panel=\(id.uuidString.prefix(5)) " +
            "workspace=\(workspace.id.uuidString.prefix(5)) pane=\(paneId.id.uuidString.prefix(5))"
        )
#endif
    }

    /// Reload the current page
    func reload() {
        webView.customUserAgent = BrowserUserAgentSettings.safariUserAgent
        webView.reload()
    }

    /// Stop loading
    func stopLoading() {
        webView.stopLoading()
    }

    @discardableResult
    func toggleDeveloperTools() -> Bool {
#if DEBUG
        dlog(
            "browser.devtools toggle.begin panel=\(id.uuidString.prefix(5)) " +
            "\(debugDeveloperToolsStateSummary()) \(debugDeveloperToolsGeometrySummary())"
        )
#endif
        guard let inspector = webView.cmuxInspectorObject() else { return false }
        let isVisibleSelector = NSSelectorFromString("isVisible")
        let visible = inspector.cmuxCallBool(selector: isVisibleSelector) ?? false
        let targetVisible = !visible
        let selector = NSSelectorFromString(targetVisible ? "show" : "close")
        guard inspector.responds(to: selector) else { return false }
        inspector.cmuxCallVoid(selector: selector)
        preferredDeveloperToolsVisible = targetVisible
        if targetVisible {
            let visibleAfterToggle = inspector.cmuxCallBool(selector: isVisibleSelector) ?? false
            if visibleAfterToggle {
                cancelDeveloperToolsRestoreRetry()
            } else {
                developerToolsRestoreRetryAttempt = 0
                scheduleDeveloperToolsRestoreRetry()
            }
        } else {
            cancelDeveloperToolsRestoreRetry()
            forceDeveloperToolsRefreshOnNextAttach = false
        }
#if DEBUG
        dlog(
            "browser.devtools toggle.end panel=\(id.uuidString.prefix(5)) targetVisible=\(targetVisible ? 1 : 0) " +
            "\(debugDeveloperToolsStateSummary()) \(debugDeveloperToolsGeometrySummary())"
        )
        DispatchQueue.main.async { [weak self] in
            guard let self else { return }
            dlog(
                "browser.devtools toggle.tick panel=\(self.id.uuidString.prefix(5)) " +
                "\(self.debugDeveloperToolsStateSummary()) \(self.debugDeveloperToolsGeometrySummary())"
            )
        }
#endif
        return true
    }

    @discardableResult
    func showDeveloperTools() -> Bool {
        guard let inspector = webView.cmuxInspectorObject() else { return false }
        let visible = inspector.cmuxCallBool(selector: NSSelectorFromString("isVisible")) ?? false
        if !visible {
            let showSelector = NSSelectorFromString("show")
            guard inspector.responds(to: showSelector) else { return false }
            inspector.cmuxCallVoid(selector: showSelector)
        }
        preferredDeveloperToolsVisible = true
        if (inspector.cmuxCallBool(selector: NSSelectorFromString("isVisible")) ?? false) {
            cancelDeveloperToolsRestoreRetry()
        } else {
            scheduleDeveloperToolsRestoreRetry()
        }
        return true
    }

    @discardableResult
    func showDeveloperToolsConsole() -> Bool {
        guard showDeveloperTools() else { return false }
        guard let inspector = webView.cmuxInspectorObject() else { return true }
        // WebKit private inspector API differs by OS; try known console selectors.
        let consoleSelectors = [
            "showConsole",
            "showConsoleTab",
            "showConsoleView",
        ]
        for raw in consoleSelectors {
            let selector = NSSelectorFromString(raw)
            if inspector.responds(to: selector) {
                inspector.cmuxCallVoid(selector: selector)
                break
            }
        }
        return true
    }

    /// Called before WKWebView detaches so manual inspector closes are respected.
    func syncDeveloperToolsPreferenceFromInspector(preserveVisibleIntent: Bool = false) {
        guard let inspector = webView.cmuxInspectorObject() else { return }
        guard let visible = inspector.cmuxCallBool(selector: NSSelectorFromString("isVisible")) else { return }
        if visible {
            preferredDeveloperToolsVisible = true
            cancelDeveloperToolsRestoreRetry()
            return
        }
        if preserveVisibleIntent && preferredDeveloperToolsVisible {
            return
        }
        preferredDeveloperToolsVisible = false
        cancelDeveloperToolsRestoreRetry()
    }

    /// Called after WKWebView reattaches to keep inspector stable across split/layout churn.
    func restoreDeveloperToolsAfterAttachIfNeeded() {
        guard preferredDeveloperToolsVisible else {
            cancelDeveloperToolsRestoreRetry()
            forceDeveloperToolsRefreshOnNextAttach = false
            return
        }
        guard let inspector = webView.cmuxInspectorObject() else {
            scheduleDeveloperToolsRestoreRetry()
            return
        }

        let shouldForceRefresh = forceDeveloperToolsRefreshOnNextAttach
        forceDeveloperToolsRefreshOnNextAttach = false

        let visible = inspector.cmuxCallBool(selector: NSSelectorFromString("isVisible")) ?? false
        if visible {
            #if DEBUG
            if shouldForceRefresh {
                dlog("browser.devtools refresh.consumeVisible panel=\(id.uuidString.prefix(5)) \(debugDeveloperToolsStateSummary())")
            }
            #endif
            cancelDeveloperToolsRestoreRetry()
            return
        }

        let selector = NSSelectorFromString("show")
        guard inspector.responds(to: selector) else {
            cancelDeveloperToolsRestoreRetry()
            return
        }
        #if DEBUG
        if shouldForceRefresh {
            dlog("browser.devtools refresh.forceShowWhenHidden panel=\(id.uuidString.prefix(5)) \(debugDeveloperToolsStateSummary())")
        }
        #endif
        // WebKit inspector "show" can trigger transient first-responder churn while
        // panel attachment is still stabilizing. Keep this auto-restore path from
        // mutating first responder so AppKit doesn't walk tearing-down responder chains.
        cmuxWithWindowFirstResponderBypass {
            inspector.cmuxCallVoid(selector: selector)
        }
        preferredDeveloperToolsVisible = true
        let visibleAfterShow = inspector.cmuxCallBool(selector: NSSelectorFromString("isVisible")) ?? false
        if visibleAfterShow {
            cancelDeveloperToolsRestoreRetry()
        } else {
            scheduleDeveloperToolsRestoreRetry()
        }
    }

    @discardableResult
    func isDeveloperToolsVisible() -> Bool {
        guard let inspector = webView.cmuxInspectorObject() else { return false }
        return inspector.cmuxCallBool(selector: NSSelectorFromString("isVisible")) ?? false
    }

    @discardableResult
    func hideDeveloperTools() -> Bool {
        guard let inspector = webView.cmuxInspectorObject() else { return false }
        let visible = inspector.cmuxCallBool(selector: NSSelectorFromString("isVisible")) ?? false
        if visible {
            let selector = NSSelectorFromString("close")
            guard inspector.responds(to: selector) else { return false }
            inspector.cmuxCallVoid(selector: selector)
        }
        preferredDeveloperToolsVisible = false
        forceDeveloperToolsRefreshOnNextAttach = false
        cancelDeveloperToolsRestoreRetry()
        return true
    }

    /// During split/layout transitions SwiftUI can briefly mark the browser surface hidden
    /// while its container is off-window. Avoid detaching in that transient phase if
    /// DevTools is intended to remain open, because detach/reattach can blank inspector content.
    func shouldPreserveWebViewAttachmentDuringTransientHide() -> Bool {
        preferredDeveloperToolsVisible && !hasSideDockedDeveloperToolsLayout()
    }

    func requestDeveloperToolsRefreshAfterNextAttach(reason: String) {
        guard preferredDeveloperToolsVisible else { return }
        forceDeveloperToolsRefreshOnNextAttach = true
        #if DEBUG
        dlog("browser.devtools refresh.request panel=\(id.uuidString.prefix(5)) reason=\(reason) \(debugDeveloperToolsStateSummary())")
        #endif
    }

    func hasPendingDeveloperToolsRefreshAfterAttach() -> Bool {
        forceDeveloperToolsRefreshOnNextAttach
    }

    @discardableResult
    func zoomIn() -> Bool {
        applyPageZoom(webView.pageZoom + pageZoomStep)
    }

    @discardableResult
    func zoomOut() -> Bool {
        applyPageZoom(webView.pageZoom - pageZoomStep)
    }

    @discardableResult
    func resetZoom() -> Bool {
        applyPageZoom(1.0)
    }

    /// Take a snapshot of the web view
    func takeSnapshot(completion: @escaping (NSImage?) -> Void) {
        let config = WKSnapshotConfiguration()
        webView.takeSnapshot(with: config) { image, error in
            if let error = error {
                NSLog("BrowserPanel snapshot error: %@", error.localizedDescription)
                completion(nil)
                return
            }
            completion(image)
        }
    }

    /// Execute JavaScript
    func evaluateJavaScript(_ script: String) async throws -> Any? {
        try await webView.evaluateJavaScript(script)
    }

    // MARK: - Find in Page

    func startFind() {
        if searchState == nil {
            searchState = BrowserSearchState()
        }
        postBrowserSearchFocusNotification()
        // Focus notification can race with portal overlay mount. Re-post on the
        // next runloop and shortly after so the find field can claim first responder.
        DispatchQueue.main.async { [weak self] in
            self?.postBrowserSearchFocusNotification()
        }
        DispatchQueue.main.asyncAfter(deadline: .now() + 0.05) { [weak self] in
            self?.postBrowserSearchFocusNotification()
        }
    }

    private func postBrowserSearchFocusNotification() {
        NotificationCenter.default.post(name: .browserSearchFocus, object: id)
    }

    func findNext() {
        Task { @MainActor [weak self] in
            guard let self else { return }
            let result = try? await self.webView.evaluateJavaScript(BrowserFindJavaScript.nextScript())
            self.parseFindResult(result)
        }
    }

    func findPrevious() {
        Task { @MainActor [weak self] in
            guard let self else { return }
            let result = try? await self.webView.evaluateJavaScript(BrowserFindJavaScript.previousScript())
            self.parseFindResult(result)
        }
    }

    func hideFind() {
        searchState = nil
    }

    private func restoreFindStateAfterNavigation(replaySearch: Bool) {
        guard let state = searchState else { return }
        state.total = nil
        state.selected = nil
        if replaySearch, !state.needle.isEmpty {
            executeFindSearch(state.needle)
        }
        postBrowserSearchFocusNotification()
    }

    private func executeFindSearch(_ needle: String) {
        guard !needle.isEmpty else {
            executeFindClear()
            searchState?.selected = nil
            searchState?.total = nil
            return
        }
        Task { @MainActor [weak self] in
            guard let self else { return }
            let js = BrowserFindJavaScript.searchScript(query: needle)
            do {
                let result = try await self.webView.evaluateJavaScript(js)
                self.parseFindResult(result)
            } catch {
                NSLog("Find: browser JS search error: %@", error.localizedDescription)
            }
        }
    }

    private func executeFindClear() {
        Task { @MainActor [weak self] in
            guard let self else { return }
            do {
                _ = try await self.webView.evaluateJavaScript(BrowserFindJavaScript.clearScript())
            } catch {
                NSLog("Find: browser JS clear error: %@", error.localizedDescription)
            }
        }
    }

    private func parseFindResult(_ result: Any?) {
        guard let jsonString = result as? String,
              let data = jsonString.data(using: .utf8),
              let json = try? JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data) as? [String: Any],
              let total = json["total"] as? Int,
              let current = json["current"] as? Int,
              total >= 0, current >= 0 else {
            return
        }
        searchState?.total = UInt(total)
        searchState?.selected = total > 0 ? UInt(current) : nil
    }

    func setBrowserThemeMode(_ mode: BrowserThemeMode) {
        browserThemeMode = mode
        applyBrowserThemeModeIfNeeded()
    }

    func refreshAppearanceDrivenColors() {
        webView.underPageBackgroundColor = GhosttyBackgroundTheme.currentColor()
    }

    func suppressOmnibarAutofocus(for seconds: TimeInterval) {
        suppressOmnibarAutofocusUntil = Date().addingTimeInterval(seconds)
#if DEBUG
        dlog(
            "browser.focus.omnibarAutofocus.suppress panel=\(id.uuidString.prefix(5)) " +
            "seconds=\(String(format: "%.2f", seconds))"
        )
#endif
    }

    func suppressWebViewFocus(for seconds: TimeInterval) {
        suppressWebViewFocusUntil = Date().addingTimeInterval(seconds)
#if DEBUG
        dlog(
            "browser.focus.webView.suppress panel=\(id.uuidString.prefix(5)) " +
            "seconds=\(String(format: "%.2f", seconds))"
        )
#endif
    }

    func clearWebViewFocusSuppression() {
        suppressWebViewFocusUntil = nil
#if DEBUG
        dlog("browser.focus.webView.suppress.clear panel=\(id.uuidString.prefix(5))")
#endif
    }

    func shouldSuppressOmnibarAutofocus() -> Bool {
        if let until = suppressOmnibarAutofocusUntil {
            return Date() < until
        }
        return false
    }

    func shouldSuppressWebViewFocus() -> Bool {
        if suppressWebViewFocusForAddressBar {
            return true
        }
        if searchState != nil {
            return true
        }
        if let until = suppressWebViewFocusUntil {
            return Date() < until
        }
        return false
    }

    func beginSuppressWebViewFocusForAddressBar() {
        let enteringAddressBar = !suppressWebViewFocusForAddressBar
        if enteringAddressBar {
#if DEBUG
            dlog("browser.focus.addressBarSuppress.begin panel=\(id.uuidString.prefix(5))")
#endif
            invalidateAddressBarPageFocusRestoreAttempts()
        }
        suppressWebViewFocusForAddressBar = true
        if enteringAddressBar {
            captureAddressBarPageFocusIfNeeded()
        }
    }

    func endSuppressWebViewFocusForAddressBar() {
        if suppressWebViewFocusForAddressBar {
#if DEBUG
            dlog("browser.focus.addressBarSuppress.end panel=\(id.uuidString.prefix(5))")
#endif
        }
        suppressWebViewFocusForAddressBar = false
    }

    @discardableResult
    func requestAddressBarFocus() -> UUID {
        beginSuppressWebViewFocusForAddressBar()
        if let pendingAddressBarFocusRequestId {
#if DEBUG
            dlog(
                "browser.focus.addressBar.request panel=\(id.uuidString.prefix(5)) " +
                "request=\(pendingAddressBarFocusRequestId.uuidString.prefix(8)) result=reuse_pending"
            )
#endif
            return pendingAddressBarFocusRequestId
        }
        let requestId = UUID()
        pendingAddressBarFocusRequestId = requestId
#if DEBUG
        dlog(
            "browser.focus.addressBar.request panel=\(id.uuidString.prefix(5)) " +
            "request=\(requestId.uuidString.prefix(8)) result=new"
        )
#endif
        return requestId
    }

    func acknowledgeAddressBarFocusRequest(_ requestId: UUID) {
        guard pendingAddressBarFocusRequestId == requestId else {
#if DEBUG
            dlog(
                "browser.focus.addressBar.requestAck panel=\(id.uuidString.prefix(5)) " +
                "request=\(requestId.uuidString.prefix(8)) result=ignored " +
                "pending=\(pendingAddressBarFocusRequestId?.uuidString.prefix(8) ?? "nil")"
            )
#endif
            return
        }
        pendingAddressBarFocusRequestId = nil
#if DEBUG
        dlog(
            "browser.focus.addressBar.requestAck panel=\(id.uuidString.prefix(5)) " +
            "request=\(requestId.uuidString.prefix(8)) result=cleared"
        )
#endif
    }

    private func captureAddressBarPageFocusIfNeeded() {
        webView.evaluateJavaScript(Self.addressBarFocusCaptureScript) { [weak self] result, error in
#if DEBUG
            guard let self else { return }
            if let error {
                dlog(
                    "browser.focus.addressBar.capture panel=\(self.id.uuidString.prefix(5)) " +
                    "result=error message=\(error.localizedDescription)"
                )
                return
            }
            let resultValue = (result as? String) ?? "unknown"
            dlog(
                "browser.focus.addressBar.capture panel=\(self.id.uuidString.prefix(5)) " +
                "result=\(resultValue)"
            )
#else
            _ = self
            _ = result
            _ = error
#endif
        }
    }

    private enum AddressBarPageFocusRestoreStatus: String {
        case restored
        case noState = "no_state"
        case missingTarget = "missing_target"
        case notFocused = "not_focused"
        case error
    }

    private static func addressBarPageFocusRestoreStatus(
        from result: Any?,
        error: Error?
    ) -> AddressBarPageFocusRestoreStatus {
        if error != nil { return .error }
        guard let raw = result as? String else { return .error }
        return AddressBarPageFocusRestoreStatus(rawValue: raw) ?? .error
    }

    func invalidateAddressBarPageFocusRestoreAttempts() {
        addressBarFocusRestoreGeneration &+= 1
#if DEBUG
        dlog(
            "browser.focus.addressBar.restore.invalidate panel=\(id.uuidString.prefix(5)) " +
            "generation=\(addressBarFocusRestoreGeneration)"
        )
#endif
    }

    func restoreAddressBarPageFocusIfNeeded(completion: @escaping (Bool) -> Void) {
        addressBarFocusRestoreGeneration &+= 1
        let generation = addressBarFocusRestoreGeneration
        let delays: [TimeInterval] = [0.0, 0.03, 0.09, 0.2]
        restoreAddressBarPageFocusAttemptIfNeeded(
            attempt: 0,
            delays: delays,
            generation: generation,
            completion: completion
        )
    }

    private func restoreAddressBarPageFocusAttemptIfNeeded(
        attempt: Int,
        delays: [TimeInterval],
        generation: UInt64,
        completion: @escaping (Bool) -> Void
    ) {
        guard generation == addressBarFocusRestoreGeneration else {
            completion(false)
            return
        }
        webView.evaluateJavaScript(Self.addressBarFocusRestoreScript) { [weak self] result, error in
            guard let self else {
                completion(false)
                return
            }
            guard generation == self.addressBarFocusRestoreGeneration else {
                completion(false)
                return
            }

            let status = Self.addressBarPageFocusRestoreStatus(from: result, error: error)
            let canRetry = (status == .notFocused || status == .error)
            let hasNextAttempt = attempt + 1 < delays.count

#if DEBUG
            if let error {
                dlog(
                    "browser.focus.addressBar.restore panel=\(self.id.uuidString.prefix(5)) " +
                    "attempt=\(attempt) status=\(status.rawValue) " +
                    "message=\(error.localizedDescription)"
                )
            } else {
                dlog(
                    "browser.focus.addressBar.restore panel=\(self.id.uuidString.prefix(5)) " +
                    "attempt=\(attempt) status=\(status.rawValue)"
                )
            }
#endif

            if status == .restored {
                completion(true)
                return
            }

            if canRetry && hasNextAttempt {
                let delay = delays[attempt + 1]
                DispatchQueue.main.asyncAfter(deadline: .now() + delay) { [weak self] in
                    guard let self else {
                        completion(false)
                        return
                    }
                    guard generation == self.addressBarFocusRestoreGeneration else {
                        completion(false)
                        return
                    }
                    self.restoreAddressBarPageFocusAttemptIfNeeded(
                        attempt: attempt + 1,
                        delays: delays,
                        generation: generation,
                        completion: completion
                    )
                }
                return
            }

            completion(false)
        }
    }

    /// Returns the most reliable URL string for omnibar-related matching and UI decisions.
    /// `currentURL` can lag behind navigation changes, so prefer the live WKWebView URL.
    func preferredURLStringForOmnibar() -> String? {
        if let webViewURL = webView.url?.absoluteString
            .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines),
           !webViewURL.isEmpty,
           webViewURL != blankURLString {
            return webViewURL
        }

        if let current = currentURL?.absoluteString
            .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines),
           !current.isEmpty,
           current != blankURLString {
            return current
        }

        return nil
    }

    private func resolvedCurrentSessionHistoryURL() -> URL? {
        if let webViewURL = webView.url,
           Self.serializableSessionHistoryURLString(webViewURL) != nil {
            return webViewURL
        }
        if let currentURL,
           Self.serializableSessionHistoryURLString(currentURL) != nil {
            return currentURL
        }
        return restoredHistoryCurrentURL
    }

    private func refreshNavigationAvailability() {
        let resolvedCanGoBack: Bool
        let resolvedCanGoForward: Bool
        if usesRestoredSessionHistory {
            resolvedCanGoBack = !restoredBackHistoryStack.isEmpty
            resolvedCanGoForward = !restoredForwardHistoryStack.isEmpty
        } else {
            resolvedCanGoBack = nativeCanGoBack
            resolvedCanGoForward = nativeCanGoForward
        }

        if canGoBack != resolvedCanGoBack {
            canGoBack = resolvedCanGoBack
        }
        if canGoForward != resolvedCanGoForward {
            canGoForward = resolvedCanGoForward
        }
    }

    private func abandonRestoredSessionHistoryIfNeeded() {
        guard usesRestoredSessionHistory else { return }
        usesRestoredSessionHistory = false
        restoredBackHistoryStack.removeAll(keepingCapacity: false)
        restoredForwardHistoryStack.removeAll(keepingCapacity: false)
        restoredHistoryCurrentURL = nil
        refreshNavigationAvailability()
    }

    private static func serializableSessionHistoryURLString(_ url: URL?) -> String? {
        guard let url else { return nil }
        let value = url.absoluteString.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
        guard !value.isEmpty, value != "about:blank" else { return nil }
        return value
    }

    private static func sanitizedSessionHistoryURL(_ raw: String?) -> URL? {
        guard let raw else { return nil }
        let trimmed = raw.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
        guard !trimmed.isEmpty, trimmed != "about:blank" else { return nil }
        return URL(string: trimmed)
    }

    private static func sanitizedSessionHistoryURLs(_ values: [String]) -> [URL] {
        values.compactMap { sanitizedSessionHistoryURL($0) }
    }

}

private extension BrowserPanel {
    func applyBrowserThemeModeIfNeeded() {
        switch browserThemeMode {
        case .system:
            webView.appearance = nil
        case .light:
            webView.appearance = NSAppearance(named: .aqua)
        case .dark:
            webView.appearance = NSAppearance(named: .darkAqua)
        }

        let script = makeBrowserThemeModeScript(mode: browserThemeMode)
        webView.evaluateJavaScript(script) { _, error in
            #if DEBUG
            if let error {
                dlog("browser.themeMode error=\(error.localizedDescription)")
            }
            #endif
        }
    }

    func makeBrowserThemeModeScript(mode: BrowserThemeMode) -> String {
        let colorSchemeLiteral: String
        switch mode {
        case .system:
            colorSchemeLiteral = "null"
        case .light:
            colorSchemeLiteral = "'light'"
        case .dark:
            colorSchemeLiteral = "'dark'"
        }

        return """
        (() => {
          const metaId = 'cmux-browser-theme-mode-meta';
          const colorScheme = \(colorSchemeLiteral);
          const root = document.documentElement || document.body;
          if (!root) return;

          let meta = document.getElementById(metaId);
          if (colorScheme) {
            root.style.setProperty('color-scheme', colorScheme, 'important');
            root.setAttribute('data-cmux-browser-theme', colorScheme);
            if (!meta) {
              meta = document.createElement('meta');
              meta.id = metaId;
              meta.name = 'color-scheme';
              (document.head || root).appendChild(meta);
            }
            meta.setAttribute('content', colorScheme);
          } else {
            root.style.removeProperty('color-scheme');
            root.removeAttribute('data-cmux-browser-theme');
            if (meta) {
              meta.remove();
            }
          }
        })();
        """
    }

    func scheduleDeveloperToolsRestoreRetry() {
        guard preferredDeveloperToolsVisible else { return }
        guard developerToolsRestoreRetryWorkItem == nil else { return }
        guard developerToolsRestoreRetryAttempt < developerToolsRestoreRetryMaxAttempts else { return }

        developerToolsRestoreRetryAttempt += 1
        let work = DispatchWorkItem { [weak self] in
            guard let self else { return }
            self.developerToolsRestoreRetryWorkItem = nil
            self.restoreDeveloperToolsAfterAttachIfNeeded()
        }
        developerToolsRestoreRetryWorkItem = work
        DispatchQueue.main.asyncAfter(deadline: .now() + developerToolsRestoreRetryDelay, execute: work)
    }

    func cancelDeveloperToolsRestoreRetry() {
        developerToolsRestoreRetryWorkItem?.cancel()
        developerToolsRestoreRetryWorkItem = nil
        developerToolsRestoreRetryAttempt = 0
    }
}

#if DEBUG
extension BrowserPanel {
    func configureInsecureHTTPAlertHooksForTesting(
        alertFactory: @escaping () -> NSAlert,
        windowProvider: @escaping () -> NSWindow?
    ) {
        insecureHTTPAlertFactory = alertFactory
        insecureHTTPAlertWindowProvider = windowProvider
    }

    func resetInsecureHTTPAlertHooksForTesting() {
        insecureHTTPAlertFactory = { NSAlert() }
        insecureHTTPAlertWindowProvider = { [weak self] in
            self?.webView.window ?? NSApp.keyWindow ?? NSApp.mainWindow
        }
    }

    func presentInsecureHTTPAlertForTesting(
        url: URL,
        recordTypedNavigation: Bool = false
    ) {
        presentInsecureHTTPAlert(
            for: URLRequest(url: url),
            intent: .currentTab,
            recordTypedNavigation: recordTypedNavigation
        )
    }

    private static func debugRectDescription(_ rect: NSRect) -> String {
        String(
            format: "%.1f,%.1f %.1fx%.1f",
            rect.origin.x,
            rect.origin.y,
            rect.size.width,
            rect.size.height
        )
    }

    private static func debugObjectToken(_ object: AnyObject?) -> String {
        guard let object else { return "nil" }
        return String(describing: Unmanaged.passUnretained(object).toOpaque())
    }

    private static func debugInspectorSubviewCount(in root: NSView) -> Int {
        var stack: [NSView] = [root]
        var count = 0
        while let current = stack.popLast() {
            for subview in current.subviews {
                if String(describing: type(of: subview)).contains("WKInspector") {
                    count += 1
                }
                stack.append(subview)
            }
        }
        return count
    }

    func debugDeveloperToolsStateSummary() -> String {
        let preferred = preferredDeveloperToolsVisible ? 1 : 0
        let visible = isDeveloperToolsVisible() ? 1 : 0
        let inspector = webView.cmuxInspectorObject() == nil ? 0 : 1
        let attached = webView.superview == nil ? 0 : 1
        let inWindow = webView.window == nil ? 0 : 1
        let forceRefresh = forceDeveloperToolsRefreshOnNextAttach ? 1 : 0
        return "pref=\(preferred) vis=\(visible) inspector=\(inspector) attached=\(attached) inWindow=\(inWindow) restoreRetry=\(developerToolsRestoreRetryAttempt) forceRefresh=\(forceRefresh)"
    }

    func debugDeveloperToolsGeometrySummary() -> String {
        let container = webView.superview
        let containerBounds = container?.bounds ?? .zero
        let webFrame = webView.frame
        let inspectorInsets = max(0, containerBounds.height - webFrame.height)
        let inspectorOverflow = max(0, webFrame.maxY - containerBounds.maxY)
        let inspectorHeightApprox = max(inspectorInsets, inspectorOverflow)
        let inspectorSubviews = container.map { Self.debugInspectorSubviewCount(in: $0) } ?? 0
        let containerType = container.map { String(describing: type(of: $0)) } ?? "nil"
        return "webFrame=\(Self.debugRectDescription(webFrame)) webBounds=\(Self.debugRectDescription(webView.bounds)) webWin=\(webView.window?.windowNumber ?? -1) super=\(Self.debugObjectToken(container)) superType=\(containerType) superBounds=\(Self.debugRectDescription(containerBounds)) inspectorHApprox=\(String(format: "%.1f", inspectorHeightApprox)) inspectorInsets=\(String(format: "%.1f", inspectorInsets)) inspectorOverflow=\(String(format: "%.1f", inspectorOverflow)) inspectorSubviews=\(inspectorSubviews)"
    }

}
#endif

private extension BrowserPanel {
    @discardableResult
    func applyPageZoom(_ candidate: CGFloat) -> Bool {
        let clamped = max(minPageZoom, min(maxPageZoom, candidate))
        if abs(webView.pageZoom - clamped) < 0.0001 {
            return false
        }
        webView.pageZoom = clamped
        return true
    }

    static func responderChainContains(_ start: NSResponder?, target: NSResponder) -> Bool {
        var r = start
        var hops = 0
        while let cur = r, hops < 64 {
            if cur === target { return true }
            r = cur.nextResponder
            hops += 1
        }
        return false
    }

    func hasSideDockedDeveloperToolsLayout() -> Bool {
        guard let container = webView.superview else { return false }
        return Self.visibleDescendants(in: container)
            .filter { Self.isVisibleSideDockInspectorCandidate($0) && Self.isInspectorView($0) }
            .contains { inspectorCandidate in
                hasSideDockedInspectorSibling(startingAt: inspectorCandidate, root: container)
            }
    }

    func hasSideDockedInspectorSibling(startingAt inspectorLeaf: NSView, root: NSView) -> Bool {
        var current: NSView? = inspectorLeaf

        while let inspectorView = current, inspectorView !== root {
            guard let containerView = inspectorView.superview else { break }
            let hasSideDockedSibling = containerView.subviews.contains { candidate in
                guard Self.isVisibleSideDockSiblingCandidate(candidate) else { return false }
                guard candidate !== inspectorView else { return false }
                let horizontallyAdjacent =
                    candidate.frame.maxX <= inspectorView.frame.minX + 1 ||
                    candidate.frame.minX >= inspectorView.frame.maxX - 1
                guard horizontallyAdjacent else { return false }
                return Self.verticalOverlap(between: candidate.frame, and: inspectorView.frame) > 8
            }
            if hasSideDockedSibling {
                return true
            }

            current = containerView
        }

        return false
    }

    static func visibleDescendants(in root: NSView) -> [NSView] {
        var descendants: [NSView] = []
        var stack = Array(root.subviews.reversed())
        while let view = stack.popLast() {
            descendants.append(view)
            stack.append(contentsOf: view.subviews.reversed())
        }
        return descendants
    }

    static func isInspectorView(_ view: NSView) -> Bool {
        String(describing: type(of: view)).contains("WKInspector")
    }

    static func isVisibleSideDockInspectorCandidate(_ view: NSView) -> Bool {
        !view.isHidden &&
            view.alphaValue > 0 &&
            view.frame.width > 1 &&
            view.frame.height > 1
    }

    static func isVisibleSideDockSiblingCandidate(_ view: NSView) -> Bool {
        !view.isHidden &&
            view.alphaValue > 0 &&
            view.frame.width > 1 &&
            view.frame.height > 1
    }

    static func verticalOverlap(between lhs: NSRect, and rhs: NSRect) -> CGFloat {
        max(0, min(lhs.maxY, rhs.maxY) - max(lhs.minY, rhs.minY))
    }
}

private extension WKWebView {
    func cmuxInspectorObject() -> NSObject? {
        let selector = NSSelectorFromString("_inspector")
        guard responds(to: selector),
              let inspector = perform(selector)?.takeUnretainedValue() as? NSObject else {
            return nil
        }
        return inspector
    }
}

private extension NSObject {
    func cmuxCallBool(selector: Selector) -> Bool? {
        guard responds(to: selector) else { return nil }
        typealias Fn = @convention(c) (AnyObject, Selector) -> Bool
        let fn = unsafeBitCast(method(for: selector), to: Fn.self)
        return fn(self, selector)
    }

    func cmuxCallVoid(selector: Selector) {
        guard responds(to: selector) else { return }
        typealias Fn = @convention(c) (AnyObject, Selector) -> Void
        let fn = unsafeBitCast(method(for: selector), to: Fn.self)
        fn(self, selector)
    }
}

// MARK: - Download Delegate

/// Handles WKDownload lifecycle by saving to a temp file synchronously (no UI
/// during WebKit callbacks), then showing NSSavePanel after the download finishes.
private class BrowserDownloadDelegate: NSObject, WKDownloadDelegate {
    private struct DownloadState {
        let tempURL: URL
        let suggestedFilename: String
    }

    /// Tracks active downloads keyed by WKDownload identity.
    private var activeDownloads: [ObjectIdentifier: DownloadState] = [:]
    private let activeDownloadsLock = NSLock()
    var onDownloadStarted: ((String) -> Void)?
    var onDownloadReadyToSave: (() -> Void)?
    var onDownloadFailed: ((Error) -> Void)?

    private static let tempDir: URL = {
        let dir = FileManager.default.temporaryDirectory.appendingPathComponent("cmux-downloads", isDirectory: true)
        try? FileManager.default.createDirectory(at: dir, withIntermediateDirectories: true)
        return dir
    }()

    private static func sanitizedFilename(_ raw: String, fallbackURL: URL?) -> String {
        let trimmed = raw.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
        let candidate = (trimmed as NSString).lastPathComponent
        let fromURL = fallbackURL?.lastPathComponent ?? ""
        let base = candidate.isEmpty ? fromURL : candidate
        let replaced = base.replacingOccurrences(of: ":", with: "-")
        let safe = replaced.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
        return safe.isEmpty ? "download" : safe
    }

    private func storeState(_ state: DownloadState, for download: WKDownload) {
        activeDownloadsLock.lock()
        activeDownloads[ObjectIdentifier(download)] = state
        activeDownloadsLock.unlock()
    }

    private func removeState(for download: WKDownload) -> DownloadState? {
        activeDownloadsLock.lock()
        let state = activeDownloads.removeValue(forKey: ObjectIdentifier(download))
        activeDownloadsLock.unlock()
        return state
    }

    private func notifyOnMain(_ action: @escaping () -> Void) {
        if Thread.isMainThread {
            action()
        } else {
            DispatchQueue.main.async(execute: action)
        }
    }

    func download(
        _ download: WKDownload,
        decideDestinationUsing response: URLResponse,
        suggestedFilename: String,
        completionHandler: @escaping (URL?) -> Void
    ) {
        // Save to a temp file — return synchronously so WebKit is never blocked.
        let safeFilename = Self.sanitizedFilename(suggestedFilename, fallbackURL: response.url)
        let tempFilename = "\(UUID().uuidString)-\(safeFilename)"
        let destURL = Self.tempDir.appendingPathComponent(tempFilename, isDirectory: false)
        try? FileManager.default.removeItem(at: destURL)
        storeState(DownloadState(tempURL: destURL, suggestedFilename: safeFilename), for: download)
        notifyOnMain { [weak self] in
            self?.onDownloadStarted?(safeFilename)
        }
        #if DEBUG
        dlog("download.decideDestination file=\(safeFilename)")
        #endif
        NSLog("BrowserPanel download: temp path=%@", destURL.path)
        completionHandler(destURL)
    }

    func downloadDidFinish(_ download: WKDownload) {
        guard let info = removeState(for: download) else {
            #if DEBUG
            dlog("download.finished missing-state")
            #endif
            return
        }
        #if DEBUG
        dlog("download.finished file=\(info.suggestedFilename)")
        #endif
        NSLog("BrowserPanel download finished: %@", info.suggestedFilename)

        // Show NSSavePanel on the next runloop iteration (safe context).
        DispatchQueue.main.async {
            self.onDownloadReadyToSave?()
            let savePanel = NSSavePanel()
            savePanel.nameFieldStringValue = info.suggestedFilename
            savePanel.canCreateDirectories = true
            savePanel.directoryURL = FileManager.default.urls(for: .downloadsDirectory, in: .userDomainMask).first

            savePanel.begin { result in
                guard result == .OK, let destURL = savePanel.url else {
                    try? FileManager.default.removeItem(at: info.tempURL)
                    return
                }
                do {
                    try? FileManager.default.removeItem(at: destURL)
                    try FileManager.default.moveItem(at: info.tempURL, to: destURL)
                    NSLog("BrowserPanel download saved: %@", destURL.path)
                } catch {
                    NSLog("BrowserPanel download move failed: %@", error.localizedDescription)
                    try? FileManager.default.removeItem(at: info.tempURL)
                }
            }
        }
    }

    func download(_ download: WKDownload, didFailWithError error: Error, resumeData: Data?) {
        if let info = removeState(for: download) {
            try? FileManager.default.removeItem(at: info.tempURL)
        }
        notifyOnMain { [weak self] in
            self?.onDownloadFailed?(error)
        }
        #if DEBUG
        dlog("download.failed error=\(error.localizedDescription)")
        #endif
        NSLog("BrowserPanel download failed: %@", error.localizedDescription)
    }
}

// MARK: - Navigation Delegate

func browserNavigationShouldOpenInNewTab(
    navigationType: WKNavigationType,
    modifierFlags: NSEvent.ModifierFlags,
    buttonNumber: Int,
    hasRecentMiddleClickIntent: Bool = false,
    currentEventType: NSEvent.EventType? = NSApp.currentEvent?.type,
    currentEventButtonNumber: Int? = NSApp.currentEvent?.buttonNumber
) -> Bool {
    guard navigationType == .linkActivated || navigationType == .other else {
        return false
    }

    if modifierFlags.contains(.command) {
        return true
    }
    if buttonNumber == 2 {
        return true
    }
    // In some WebKit paths, middle-click arrives as buttonNumber=4.
    // Recover intent when we just observed a local middle-click.
    if buttonNumber == 4, hasRecentMiddleClickIntent {
        return true
    }

    // WebKit can omit buttonNumber for middle-click link activations.
    if let currentEventType,
       (currentEventType == .otherMouseDown || currentEventType == .otherMouseUp),
       currentEventButtonNumber == 2 {
        return true
    }
    return false
}

private class BrowserNavigationDelegate: NSObject, WKNavigationDelegate {
    var didFinish: ((WKWebView) -> Void)?
    var didFailNavigation: ((WKWebView, String) -> Void)?
    var didTerminateWebContentProcess: ((WKWebView) -> Void)?
    var openInNewTab: ((URL) -> Void)?
    var shouldBlockInsecureHTTPNavigation: ((URL) -> Bool)?
    var handleBlockedInsecureHTTPNavigation: ((URLRequest, BrowserInsecureHTTPNavigationIntent) -> Void)?
    /// Direct reference to the download delegate — must be set synchronously in didBecome callbacks.
    var downloadDelegate: WKDownloadDelegate?
    /// The URL of the last navigation that was attempted. Used to preserve the omnibar URL
    /// when a provisional navigation fails (e.g. connection refused on localhost:3000).
    var lastAttemptedURL: URL?

    func webView(_ webView: WKWebView, didStartProvisionalNavigation navigation: WKNavigation!) {
        lastAttemptedURL = webView.url
    }

    func webView(_ webView: WKWebView, didFinish navigation: WKNavigation!) {
        didFinish?(webView)
    }

    func webView(_ webView: WKWebView, didFail navigation: WKNavigation!, withError error: Error) {
        NSLog("BrowserPanel navigation failed: %@", error.localizedDescription)
        // Treat committed-navigation failures the same as provisional ones so
        // stale favicon/title state from the prior page gets cleared.
        let failedURL = webView.url?.absoluteString ?? ""
        didFailNavigation?(webView, failedURL)
    }

    func webView(_ webView: WKWebView, didFailProvisionalNavigation navigation: WKNavigation!, withError error: Error) {
        let nsError = error as NSError
        NSLog("BrowserPanel provisional navigation failed: %@", error.localizedDescription)

        // Cancelled navigations (e.g. rapid typing) are not real errors.
        if nsError.domain == NSURLErrorDomain, nsError.code == NSURLErrorCancelled {
            return
        }

        // "Frame load interrupted" (WebKitErrorDomain code 102) fires when a
        // navigation response is converted into a download via .download policy.
        // This is expected and should not show an error page.
        if nsError.domain == "WebKitErrorDomain", nsError.code == 102 {
            return
        }

        let failedURL = nsError.userInfo[NSURLErrorFailingURLStringErrorKey] as? String
            ?? lastAttemptedURL?.absoluteString
            ?? ""
        didFailNavigation?(webView, failedURL)
        loadErrorPage(in: webView, failedURL: failedURL, error: nsError)
    }

    func webView(
        _ webView: WKWebView,
        didReceive challenge: URLAuthenticationChallenge,
        completionHandler: @escaping (URLSession.AuthChallengeDisposition, URLCredential?) -> Void
    ) {
        // WKWebView rejects all authentication challenges by default when this
        // delegate method is not implemented (.rejectProtectionSpace). This
        // breaks TLS client-certificate flows such as Microsoft Entra ID
        // Conditional Access, which verifies device compliance via a client
        // certificate stored in the system keychain by MDM enrollment.
        //
        // By returning .performDefaultHandling the system's standard URL-loading
        // behaviour takes over: the keychain is searched for matching client
        // identities, MDM-installed root CAs are trusted, and any configured SSO
        // extensions (e.g. Microsoft Enterprise SSO) can intercept the challenge.
        completionHandler(.performDefaultHandling, nil)
    }

    func webViewWebContentProcessDidTerminate(_ webView: WKWebView) {
#if DEBUG
        dlog("browser.webcontent.terminated panel=\(String(describing: self))")
#endif
        didTerminateWebContentProcess?(webView)
    }

    private func loadErrorPage(in webView: WKWebView, failedURL: String, error: NSError) {
        let title: String
        let message: String

        switch (error.domain, error.code) {
        case (NSURLErrorDomain, NSURLErrorCannotConnectToHost),
             (NSURLErrorDomain, NSURLErrorCannotFindHost),
             (NSURLErrorDomain, NSURLErrorTimedOut):
            title = String(localized: "browser.error.cantReach.title", defaultValue: "Can\u{2019}t reach this page")
            if failedURL.isEmpty {
                message = String(localized: "browser.error.cantReach.messageSite", defaultValue: "The site refused to connect. Check that a server is running on this address.")
            } else {
                message = String(localized: "browser.error.cantReach.messageURL", defaultValue: "\(failedURL) refused to connect. Check that a server is running on this address.")
            }
        case (NSURLErrorDomain, NSURLErrorNotConnectedToInternet),
             (NSURLErrorDomain, NSURLErrorNetworkConnectionLost):
            title = String(localized: "browser.error.noInternet", defaultValue: "No internet connection")
            message = String(localized: "browser.error.checkNetwork", defaultValue: "Check your network connection and try again.")
        case (NSURLErrorDomain, NSURLErrorSecureConnectionFailed),
             (NSURLErrorDomain, NSURLErrorServerCertificateUntrusted),
             (NSURLErrorDomain, NSURLErrorServerCertificateHasUnknownRoot),
             (NSURLErrorDomain, NSURLErrorServerCertificateHasBadDate),
             (NSURLErrorDomain, NSURLErrorServerCertificateNotYetValid):
            title = String(localized: "browser.error.insecure.title", defaultValue: "Connection isn\u{2019}t secure")
            message = String(localized: "browser.error.invalidCertificate", defaultValue: "The certificate for this site is invalid.")
        default:
            title = String(localized: "browser.error.cantOpen.title", defaultValue: "Can\u{2019}t open this page")
            message = error.localizedDescription
        }

        let escapeHTML: (String) -> String = { value in
            value
                .replacingOccurrences(of: "&", with: "&amp;")
                .replacingOccurrences(of: "<", with: "&lt;")
                .replacingOccurrences(of: ">", with: "&gt;")
                .replacingOccurrences(of: "\"", with: "&quot;")
        }

        let escapedTitle = escapeHTML(title)
        let escapedMessage = escapeHTML(message)
        let escapedURL = escapeHTML(failedURL)
        let escapedReloadLabel = escapeHTML(String(localized: "browser.error.reload", defaultValue: "Reload"))

        let html = """
        <!DOCTYPE html>
        <html>
        <head>
        <meta charset="utf-8">
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
        <style>
        body {
            font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, sans-serif;
            display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;
            min-height: 80vh; margin: 0; padding: 20px;
            background: #1a1a1a; color: #e0e0e0;
        }
        .container { text-align: center; max-width: 420px; }
        h1 { font-size: 18px; font-weight: 600; margin-bottom: 8px; }
        p { font-size: 13px; color: #999; line-height: 1.5; }
        .url { font-size: 12px; color: #666; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 16px; }
        button {
            margin-top: 20px; padding: 6px 20px;
            background: #333; color: #e0e0e0; border: 1px solid #555;
            border-radius: 6px; font-size: 13px; cursor: pointer;
        }
        button:hover { background: #444; }
        @media (prefers-color-scheme: light) {
            body { background: #fafafa; color: #222; }
            p { color: #666; }
            .url { color: #999; }
            button { background: #eee; color: #222; border-color: #ccc; }
            button:hover { background: #ddd; }
        }
        </style>
        </head>
        <body>
        <div class="container">
            <h1>\(escapedTitle)</h1>
            <p>\(escapedMessage)</p>
            <div class="url">\(escapedURL)</div>
            <button onclick="location.reload()">\(escapedReloadLabel)</button>
        </div>
        </body>
        </html>
        """
        webView.loadHTMLString(html, baseURL: URL(string: failedURL))
    }

    func webView(
        _ webView: WKWebView,
        decidePolicyFor navigationAction: WKNavigationAction,
        decisionHandler: @escaping (WKNavigationActionPolicy) -> Void
    ) {
        let hasRecentMiddleClickIntent = CmuxWebView.hasRecentMiddleClickIntent(for: webView)
        let shouldOpenInNewTab = browserNavigationShouldOpenInNewTab(
            navigationType: navigationAction.navigationType,
            modifierFlags: navigationAction.modifierFlags,
            buttonNumber: navigationAction.buttonNumber,
            hasRecentMiddleClickIntent: hasRecentMiddleClickIntent
        )
#if DEBUG
        let currentEventType = NSApp.currentEvent.map { String(describing: $0.type) } ?? "nil"
        let currentEventButton = NSApp.currentEvent.map { String($0.buttonNumber) } ?? "nil"
        let navType = String(describing: navigationAction.navigationType)
        dlog(
            "browser.nav.decidePolicy navType=\(navType) button=\(navigationAction.buttonNumber) " +
            "mods=\(navigationAction.modifierFlags.rawValue) targetNil=\(navigationAction.targetFrame == nil ? 1 : 0) " +
            "eventType=\(currentEventType) eventButton=\(currentEventButton) " +
            "recentMiddleIntent=\(hasRecentMiddleClickIntent ? 1 : 0) " +
            "openInNewTab=\(shouldOpenInNewTab ? 1 : 0)"
        )
#endif

        if let url = navigationAction.request.url,
           navigationAction.targetFrame?.isMainFrame != false,
           shouldBlockInsecureHTTPNavigation?(url) == true {
            let intent: BrowserInsecureHTTPNavigationIntent
            if shouldOpenInNewTab || navigationAction.targetFrame == nil {
                intent = .newTab
            } else {
                intent = .currentTab
            }
#if DEBUG
            dlog(
                "browser.nav.decidePolicy.action kind=blockedInsecure intent=\(intent == .newTab ? "newTab" : "currentTab") " +
                "url=\(url.absoluteString)"
            )
#endif
            handleBlockedInsecureHTTPNavigation?(navigationAction.request, intent)
            decisionHandler(.cancel)
            return
        }

        // WebKit cannot open app-specific deeplinks (discord://, slack://, zoommtg://, etc.).
        // Hand these off to macOS so the owning app can handle them.
        if let url = navigationAction.request.url,
           navigationAction.targetFrame?.isMainFrame != false,
           browserShouldOpenURLExternally(url) {
            let opened = NSWorkspace.shared.open(url)
            if !opened {
                NSLog("BrowserPanel external navigation failed to open URL: %@", url.absoluteString)
            }
            #if DEBUG
            dlog("browser.navigation.external source=navDelegate opened=\(opened ? 1 : 0) url=\(url.absoluteString)")
            #endif
            decisionHandler(.cancel)
            return
        }

        // Cmd+click and middle-click on regular links should always open in a new tab.
        if shouldOpenInNewTab,
           let url = navigationAction.request.url {
#if DEBUG
            dlog("browser.nav.decidePolicy.action kind=openInNewTab url=\(url.absoluteString)")
#endif
            openInNewTab?(url)
            decisionHandler(.cancel)
            return
        }

        // target=_blank or window.open() — open in a new tab.
        if navigationAction.targetFrame == nil,
           let url = navigationAction.request.url {
#if DEBUG
            dlog("browser.nav.decidePolicy.action kind=openInNewTabFromNilTarget url=\(url.absoluteString)")
#endif
            openInNewTab?(url)
            decisionHandler(.cancel)
            return
        }

#if DEBUG
        let targetURL = navigationAction.request.url?.absoluteString ?? "nil"
        dlog("browser.nav.decidePolicy.action kind=allow url=\(targetURL)")
#endif
        decisionHandler(.allow)
    }

    func webView(
        _ webView: WKWebView,
        decidePolicyFor navigationResponse: WKNavigationResponse,
        decisionHandler: @escaping (WKNavigationResponsePolicy) -> Void
    ) {
        if !navigationResponse.isForMainFrame {
            decisionHandler(.allow)
            return
        }

        let mime = navigationResponse.response.mimeType ?? "unknown"
        let canShow = navigationResponse.canShowMIMEType
        let responseURL = navigationResponse.response.url?.absoluteString ?? "nil"

        // Only classify HTTP(S) top-level responses as downloads.
        if let scheme = navigationResponse.response.url?.scheme?.lowercased(),
           scheme != "http", scheme != "https" {
            decisionHandler(.allow)
            return
        }

        NSLog("BrowserPanel navigationResponse: url=%@ mime=%@ canShow=%d isMainFrame=%d",
              responseURL, mime, canShow ? 1 : 0,
              navigationResponse.isForMainFrame ? 1 : 0)

        // Check if this response should be treated as a download.
        // Criteria: explicit Content-Disposition: attachment, or a MIME type
        // that WebKit cannot render inline.
        if let response = navigationResponse.response as? HTTPURLResponse {
            let contentDisposition = response.value(forHTTPHeaderField: "Content-Disposition") ?? ""
            if contentDisposition.lowercased().hasPrefix("attachment") {
                NSLog("BrowserPanel download: content-disposition=attachment mime=%@ url=%@", mime, responseURL)
                #if DEBUG
                dlog("download.policy=download reason=content-disposition mime=\(mime)")
                #endif
                decisionHandler(.download)
                return
            }
        }

        if !canShow {
            NSLog("BrowserPanel download: cannotShowMIME mime=%@ url=%@", mime, responseURL)
            #if DEBUG
            dlog("download.policy=download reason=cannotShowMIME mime=\(mime)")
            #endif
            decisionHandler(.download)
            return
        }

        decisionHandler(.allow)
    }

    func webView(_ webView: WKWebView, navigationAction: WKNavigationAction, didBecome download: WKDownload) {
        #if DEBUG
        dlog("download.didBecome source=navigationAction")
        #endif
        NSLog("BrowserPanel download didBecome from navigationAction")
        download.delegate = downloadDelegate
    }

    func webView(_ webView: WKWebView, navigationResponse: WKNavigationResponse, didBecome download: WKDownload) {
        #if DEBUG
        dlog("download.didBecome source=navigationResponse")
        #endif
        NSLog("BrowserPanel download didBecome from navigationResponse")
        download.delegate = downloadDelegate
    }
}

// MARK: - UI Delegate

private class BrowserUIDelegate: NSObject, WKUIDelegate {
    var openInNewTab: ((URL) -> Void)?
    var requestNavigation: ((URLRequest, BrowserInsecureHTTPNavigationIntent) -> Void)?

    private func javaScriptDialogTitle(for webView: WKWebView) -> String {
        if let absolute = webView.url?.absoluteString, !absolute.isEmpty {
            return String(localized: "browser.dialog.pageSaysAt", defaultValue: "The page at \(absolute) says:")
        }
        return String(localized: "browser.dialog.pageSays", defaultValue: "This page says:")
    }

    private func presentDialog(
        _ alert: NSAlert,
        for webView: WKWebView,
        completion: @escaping (NSApplication.ModalResponse) -> Void
    ) {
        if let window = webView.window {
            alert.beginSheetModal(for: window, completionHandler: completion)
            return
        }
        completion(alert.runModal())
    }

    /// Returning nil tells WebKit not to open a new window.
    /// createWebViewWith is only called when the page requests a new window
    /// (window.open(), target=_blank, etc.). Always open in a new tab.
    func webView(
        _ webView: WKWebView,
        createWebViewWith configuration: WKWebViewConfiguration,
        for navigationAction: WKNavigationAction,
        windowFeatures: WKWindowFeatures
    ) -> WKWebView? {
        // createWebViewWith is only called when the page requests a new window,
        // so always treat as new-tab intent regardless of modifiers/button.
#if DEBUG
        let currentEventType = NSApp.currentEvent.map { String(describing: $0.type) } ?? "nil"
        let currentEventButton = NSApp.currentEvent.map { String($0.buttonNumber) } ?? "nil"
        let navType = String(describing: navigationAction.navigationType)
        dlog(
            "browser.nav.createWebView navType=\(navType) button=\(navigationAction.buttonNumber) " +
            "mods=\(navigationAction.modifierFlags.rawValue) targetNil=\(navigationAction.targetFrame == nil ? 1 : 0) " +
            "eventType=\(currentEventType) eventButton=\(currentEventButton) " +
            "openInNewTab=1"
        )
#endif
        if let url = navigationAction.request.url {
            if browserShouldOpenURLExternally(url) {
                let opened = NSWorkspace.shared.open(url)
                if !opened {
                    NSLog("BrowserPanel external navigation failed to open URL: %@", url.absoluteString)
                }
                #if DEBUG
                dlog("browser.navigation.external source=uiDelegate opened=\(opened ? 1 : 0) url=\(url.absoluteString)")
                #endif
                return nil
            }
            if let requestNavigation {
                let intent: BrowserInsecureHTTPNavigationIntent = .newTab
#if DEBUG
                dlog(
                    "browser.nav.createWebView.action kind=requestNavigation intent=newTab " +
                    "url=\(url.absoluteString)"
                )
#endif
                requestNavigation(navigationAction.request, intent)
            } else {
#if DEBUG
                dlog("browser.nav.createWebView.action kind=openInNewTab url=\(url.absoluteString)")
#endif
                openInNewTab?(url)
            }
        }
        return nil
    }

    /// Handle <input type="file"> elements by presenting the native file picker.
    func webView(
        _ webView: WKWebView,
        runOpenPanelWith parameters: WKOpenPanelParameters,
        initiatedByFrame frame: WKFrameInfo,
        completionHandler: @escaping ([URL]?) -> Void
    ) {
        let panel = NSOpenPanel()
        panel.allowsMultipleSelection = parameters.allowsMultipleSelection
        panel.canChooseDirectories = parameters.allowsDirectories
        panel.canChooseFiles = true
        panel.begin { result in
            completionHandler(result == .OK ? panel.urls : nil)
        }
    }

    func webView(
        _ webView: WKWebView,
        requestMediaCapturePermissionFor origin: WKSecurityOrigin,
        initiatedByFrame frame: WKFrameInfo,
        type: WKMediaCaptureType,
        decisionHandler: @escaping (WKPermissionDecision) -> Void
    ) {
        decisionHandler(.prompt)
    }

    func webView(
        _ webView: WKWebView,
        runJavaScriptAlertPanelWithMessage message: String,
        initiatedByFrame frame: WKFrameInfo,
        completionHandler: @escaping () -> Void
    ) {
        let alert = NSAlert()
        alert.alertStyle = .informational
        alert.messageText = javaScriptDialogTitle(for: webView)
        alert.informativeText = message
        alert.addButton(withTitle: String(localized: "common.ok", defaultValue: "OK"))
        presentDialog(alert, for: webView) { _ in completionHandler() }
    }

    func webView(
        _ webView: WKWebView,
        runJavaScriptConfirmPanelWithMessage message: String,
        initiatedByFrame frame: WKFrameInfo,
        completionHandler: @escaping (Bool) -> Void
    ) {
        let alert = NSAlert()
        alert.alertStyle = .informational
        alert.messageText = javaScriptDialogTitle(for: webView)
        alert.informativeText = message
        alert.addButton(withTitle: String(localized: "common.ok", defaultValue: "OK"))
        alert.addButton(withTitle: String(localized: "common.cancel", defaultValue: "Cancel"))
        presentDialog(alert, for: webView) { response in
            completionHandler(response == .alertFirstButtonReturn)
        }
    }

    func webView(
        _ webView: WKWebView,
        runJavaScriptTextInputPanelWithPrompt prompt: String,
        defaultText: String?,
        initiatedByFrame frame: WKFrameInfo,
        completionHandler: @escaping (String?) -> Void
    ) {
        let alert = NSAlert()
        alert.alertStyle = .informational
        alert.messageText = javaScriptDialogTitle(for: webView)
        alert.informativeText = prompt
        alert.addButton(withTitle: String(localized: "common.ok", defaultValue: "OK"))
        alert.addButton(withTitle: String(localized: "common.cancel", defaultValue: "Cancel"))

        let field = NSTextField(frame: NSRect(x: 0, y: 0, width: 320, height: 24))
        field.stringValue = defaultText ?? ""
        alert.accessoryView = field

        presentDialog(alert, for: webView) { response in
            if response == .alertFirstButtonReturn {
                completionHandler(field.stringValue)
            } else {
                completionHandler(nil)
            }
        }
    }
}